diff --git a/assets/gamedata/excitebike/track-01.json b/assets/gamedata/excitebike/track-01.json
index 3ced72c..72ebc83 100644
--- a/assets/gamedata/excitebike/track-01.json
+++ b/assets/gamedata/excitebike/track-01.json
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
   "length": 5888,
   "laps": 2,
   "mainLaps": 2,
-  "qualifyMs": 66500,
+  "qualifyMs": 64400,
   "hurdles": [
     {
       "t": "M",
diff --git a/assets/gamedata/excitebike/track-02.json b/assets/gamedata/excitebike/track-02.json
index b9dbdbe..9d57494 100644
--- a/assets/gamedata/excitebike/track-02.json
+++ b/assets/gamedata/excitebike/track-02.json
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
   "length": 5393,
   "laps": 2,
   "mainLaps": 2,
-  "qualifyMs": 66500,
+  "qualifyMs": 62100,
   "hurdles": [
     {
       "t": "M",
diff --git a/assets/gamedata/excitebike/track-03.json b/assets/gamedata/excitebike/track-03.json
index 6cb9d35..cc2fee7 100644
--- a/assets/gamedata/excitebike/track-03.json
+++ b/assets/gamedata/excitebike/track-03.json
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
   "length": 6416,
   "laps": 2,
   "mainLaps": 2,
-  "qualifyMs": 76100,
+  "qualifyMs": 71400,
   "hurdles": [
     {
       "t": "M",
diff --git a/assets/gamedata/excitebike/track-04.json b/assets/gamedata/excitebike/track-04.json
index efe5afc..2899e0e 100644
--- a/assets/gamedata/excitebike/track-04.json
+++ b/assets/gamedata/excitebike/track-04.json
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
   "length": 6528,
   "laps": 2,
   "mainLaps": 2,
-  "qualifyMs": 84100,
+  "qualifyMs": 73600,
   "hurdles": [
     {
       "t": "M",
diff --git a/assets/gamedata/excitebike/track-05.json b/assets/gamedata/excitebike/track-05.json
index 1a63751..7e92af2 100644
--- a/assets/gamedata/excitebike/track-05.json
+++ b/assets/gamedata/excitebike/track-05.json
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
   "length": 5752,
   "laps": 2,
   "mainLaps": 2,
-  "qualifyMs": 79400,
+  "qualifyMs": 71000,
   "hurdles": [
     {
       "t": "M",
diff --git a/assets/gamedata/excitebike/track-06.json b/assets/gamedata/excitebike/track-06.json
index 3d5606a..e4bbaa2 100644
--- a/assets/gamedata/excitebike/track-06.json
+++ b/assets/gamedata/excitebike/track-06.json
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
   "length": 6600,
   "laps": 2,
   "mainLaps": 2,
-  "qualifyMs": 74800,
+  "qualifyMs": 70900,
   "hurdles": [
     {
       "t": "C",
diff --git a/assets/gamedata/excitebike/track-07.json b/assets/gamedata/excitebike/track-07.json
index c28af2a..ef62840 100644
--- a/assets/gamedata/excitebike/track-07.json
+++ b/assets/gamedata/excitebike/track-07.json
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
   "length": 6900,
   "laps": 2,
   "mainLaps": 2,
-  "qualifyMs": 85800,
+  "qualifyMs": 77300,
   "hurdles": [
     {
       "t": "J",
diff --git a/assets/gamedata/excitebike/track-08.json b/assets/gamedata/excitebike/track-08.json
index db48205..6529a74 100644
--- a/assets/gamedata/excitebike/track-08.json
+++ b/assets/gamedata/excitebike/track-08.json
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
   "length": 7200,
   "laps": 2,
   "mainLaps": 2,
-  "qualifyMs": 83500,
+  "qualifyMs": 82500,
   "hurdles": [
     {
       "t": "J",
diff --git a/assets/gamedata/excitebike/track-09.json b/assets/gamedata/excitebike/track-09.json
index 784468f..7b8e214 100644
--- a/assets/gamedata/excitebike/track-09.json
+++ b/assets/gamedata/excitebike/track-09.json
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
   "length": 7400,
   "laps": 2,
   "mainLaps": 2,
-  "qualifyMs": 93900,
+  "qualifyMs": 79500,
   "hurdles": [
     {
       "t": "H",
diff --git a/assets/gamedata/excitebike/track-10.json b/assets/gamedata/excitebike/track-10.json
index d6c399c..b5aa3b1 100644
--- a/assets/gamedata/excitebike/track-10.json
+++ b/assets/gamedata/excitebike/track-10.json
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
   "length": 7800,
   "laps": 2,
   "mainLaps": 2,
-  "qualifyMs": 87200,
+  "qualifyMs": 85000,
   "hurdles": [
     {
       "t": "S",
diff --git a/docs/excitebike-build-plan.md b/docs/excitebike-build-plan.md
index ec4e309..8000f93 100644
--- a/docs/excitebike-build-plan.md
+++ b/docs/excitebike-build-plan.md
@@ -5,12 +5,13 @@ update the checkboxes and the Status line as work lands.
 
 ## Status
 
-**Waves 0–4 done 2026-07-29.** Ten tracks in the bank — the five original NES courses transcribed
-from their track maps, plus five new ones. SELECTION A, SELECTION B and DESIGN all implemented.
-`node tools/verifyExcitebike.js` → **579 checks green**. Wave 5 (art polish, icon frame 91) is
-**NEXT**.
+**Complete 2026-07-29, through Wave 5 and two rounds of playtest fixes.** Ten tracks — the five
+original NES courses transcribed from their track maps, plus five new ones. SELECTION A, SELECTION B
+and DESIGN all implemented. `node tools/verifyExcitebike.js` → **620 checks green**.
 
-**Never opened in a browser.** Brian playtests; nothing here is signed off until he has.
+Playtested and signed off by Brian for feel. He has retuned `TUNE` himself (turbo boost, nose-down
+landing tolerance) — **do not "restore" those values**; after any physics change, re-run
+`node tools/genExcitebikeTracks.js --force` because qualifying times are measured, then the harness.
 
 ## Decisions taken up front
 
@@ -22,7 +23,7 @@ from their track maps, plus five new ones. SELECTION A, SELECTION B and DESIGN a
 | Tracks | The 5 originals, transcribed from the NES maps, plus 5 new |
 | Presentation | True 256×240 NES frame at integer ×4, centred in a cabinet bezel |
 | Overlay | Full `ArcadeCRTOverlay` over bezel and all; `m6x11` for the non-NES chrome |
-| Slug / category / icon | `excitebike` / `arcade-console-pc` / iconFrame **91** (art still needed) |
+| Slug / category / icon | `excitebike` / `arcade-console-pc` / iconFrame **91** (painted) |
 
 ## Files
 
@@ -211,12 +212,89 @@ Control mapping, for the record — it was misremembered in the playtest report:
 **X or SPACE = throttle** (the A button), **Z or SHIFT = turbo** (the B button). The bezel hint and
 the title screen now say so explicitly, and the title adds `LAND REAR WHEEL FIRST`.
 
-## Wave 5 — Polish — ⬜ NEXT
+## Playtest fixes — ✅ DONE 2026-07-29
 
-- [ ] Paint iconFrame **91** into `assets/images/game-icons.png` (44×44, row 6 col 2)
-- [ ] Parallax backdrops and per-track crowd colour; the themes exist but are plain
-- [ ] Revisit cool-zone and mud transcription (see the Wave 2 gap)
-- [ ] Playtest, then retune from what it actually feels like
+Two reports, both of which turned out to be bugs rather than tuning.
+
+**"Riding into mud or grass instantly crashes, and you crash again after getting up."** The "grass" is
+a hole — Wave 5 changed gaps to render as the infield showing through, which is how the maps draw
+them. The second half was the real fault: the bike slides only 12-60px when it goes down, and a hole
+is 80-440px wide, so a rider remounts **still inside it** and crashes on the next frame, forever.
+Bad ground now only puts you down above `surfaceCrashSpeed` (110); below that you bog to a 46px/s
+crawl. The crawl is capped *under* the crash speed on purpose — that is the mechanism, not a number:
+once in bad ground you cannot build up enough pace to be thrown off it again, so you can always get
+out. Mud was never in this path; it caps speed and has never crashed anyone.
+
+**"The 45-degree jump crashes me and the AI constantly."** Three compounding faults, all from the
+steep ramp being only 15px wide:
+
+1. The 4px slope window and 6px curvature window both **straddle its cliff**, so mid-climb the ground
+   reads as a −1.28 rad (−73°) wall.
+2. That made the bike **launch early**, while still on the face at height 13.5 rather than at the lip.
+3. Vertical position is resolved *before* the horizontal move, so after launching the bike ended the
+   frame **buried inside the ramp** and "landed" on the very next one — against that imaginary −73°
+   wall, giving a relative angle of +2.17 rad and an instant crash.
+
+Fixes: a launch now lifts the bike clear of the highest ground it is crossing; launch pitch is clamped
+to `pitchMax`; and a landing is judged against a **clamped** ground angle (`landGroundAngleMax` 0.5) —
+anything steeper is a cliff, not a surface you touch down on. The ramp's geometry is untouched.
+
+The harness now drives **every ramp in the catalogue at seven speeds** with a rider who does nothing
+but hold the throttle, and none of them may crash. That is the check that would have caught this.
+
+## Wave 5 — Polish — ✅ DONE 2026-07-29
+
+- [x] iconFrame **91** — already painted by Brian (a motocross helmet). Nothing to do.
+- [x] Ramps given a readable silhouette
+- [x] Scenery: the infield and apron shrub rows, off the maps
+- [x] Snow and night themes retinted for contrast
+- [ ] Cool-zone and mud transcription — **investigated and rejected, see below**
+
+### Ramps now read as terrain
+
+They were the same dirt as flat ground with one lit pixel on top. Anything standing proud of a lane
+now gets its own packed-earth hatch (`rampBody`), a dark stroke around its silhouette, a lit crest,
+and a full-height vertical cut on genuinely sheer faces. The sheer test needed a **3px** threshold —
+the first cut fired on any step at all, and a ramp climbs more than a pixel per column, so the whole
+face was being stroked as if it were a cliff.
+
+Checking this needed *looking* at it, which meant a PNG encoder (30 lines on `node:zlib`, kept in the
+scratchpad). Reading the pixels back as ASCII was useless — four overlapping lane copies. Three more
+faults were obvious the moment there was an image:
+
+1. **Gaps were flat grey blocks.** They now show the infield through the lane with vertical cut edges
+   at each end, which is how the maps draw them. Horizontal lips per lane read as a ladder, not a hole.
+2. **Lane dividers were drawn light**, so they vanished on the lighter of the two alternating lane
+   fills. Dark now, as on the maps. **Cool-zone chevrons had the identical bug** and were invisible on
+   every other lane; markings now pick whichever shade contrasts with the lane they sit on. Any fixed
+   shade painted onto alternating lanes will half disappear — worth remembering.
+3. **Snow was grey-on-white and night was dark-on-dark.** Neither had enough contrast to see a ramp
+   coming. Snow is now churned earth through a pale snowfield; night is floodlit amber on dark grass.
+
+### Scenery
+
+The infield and apron were bare. The maps show the original plants a row of shrubs along the far side
+of the infield (8px tall, every other tile — `bush` is transcribed pixel for pixel off Track 1,
+y112-119) and a larger row across the apron. They are painted in the **grass subpalette's slot 1**,
+which the grass fill tiles never touch — that is what lets a shrub be a different colour from the
+field it stands in without breaking the four-colour rule, and the harness now asserts that slot stays
+free.
+
+### The markings gap: investigated, still open
+
+Masking out the columns a ramp stands on does fix the false positives — the old detector put a mud pit
+under every ramp because a ramp body is full of the shade colour and its crest is full of the
+highlight. With ramps masked, what is left on flat ground is:
+
+- **cool zones: none at all, on any of the five courses.** They are not drawn in the highlight colour.
+- **mud: 18-23px marks on alternating lane pairs** (0&2, 1&3). Too narrow to be the 64px mud pits the
+  game needs, and the alternating-lane pattern does not match any hurdle in the catalogue. These are
+  more likely distance markers or small decoration.
+
+So the masking improvement is kept, but **nothing new is emitted**. Cool zones stay rule-placed and
+mud stays out. Anyone picking this up again should know the colour approach has been tried and does
+not separate them; the next thing worth trying is periodicity — chevrons repeat on a fixed pitch and
+churned ground does not.
 
 ## How difficulty is decided
 
diff --git a/src/games/excitebike/ExcitebikeArt.js b/src/games/excitebike/ExcitebikeArt.js
index 7d165eb..d3ad49a 100644
--- a/src/games/excitebike/ExcitebikeArt.js
+++ b/src/games/excitebike/ExcitebikeArt.js
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ export const THEMES = {
     bg: [
       subpalette(BACKDROP, 0x09, 0x18, 0x29), // crowd: dark green, olive, yellow-green
       subpalette(BACKDROP, 0x03, 0x33, 0x30), // wall: deep violet, lavender, white
-      subpalette(BACKDROP, 0x09, 0x1a, 0x2a), // grass
+      subpalette(BACKDROP, 0x18, 0x1a, 0x2a), // grass, slot 1 is the shrubs
       subpalette(BACKDROP, 0x08, 0x17, 0x27), // dirt: dark brown, brown, tan
     ],
     sprites: [
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ export const THEMES = {
     bg: [
       subpalette(BACKDROP, 0x06, 0x17, 0x28),
       subpalette(BACKDROP, 0x04, 0x24, 0x34),
-      subpalette(BACKDROP, 0x0b, 0x19, 0x29),
+      subpalette(BACKDROP, 0x08, 0x19, 0x29),
       subpalette(BACKDROP, 0x07, 0x16, 0x27),
     ],
     sprites: [
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ export const THEMES = {
     bg: [
       subpalette(BACKDROP, 0x01, 0x11, 0x21),
       subpalette(BACKDROP, 0x02, 0x12, 0x31),
-      subpalette(BACKDROP, 0x0b, 0x0a, 0x19),
+      subpalette(BACKDROP, 0x07, 0x0a, 0x19),
       // Floodlit earth against dark grass. The dirt has to stay warm and bright
       // or the track disappears into the infield after dark.
       subpalette(BACKDROP, 0x08, 0x18, 0x28),
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ export const THEMES = {
       subpalette(BACKDROP, 0x02, 0x12, 0x31),
       // Snowfield, and churned earth cut through it. All-grey on all-white had
       // almost no contrast — you could not see the ramps coming.
-      subpalette(BACKDROP, 0x21, 0x31, 0x30),
+      subpalette(BACKDROP, 0x0a, 0x31, 0x30),
       subpalette(BACKDROP, 0x07, 0x17, 0x27),
     ],
     sprites: [
@@ -418,6 +418,54 @@ export const TILES = {
 /** Every tile in the bank, keyed by name — used by the verifier. */
 export const TILE_NAMES = Object.keys(TILES);
 
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Overlay tiles
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+// Unlike the tiles above, these are drawn *over* a filled band and so must use
+// slot 0 as transparency. They carry the scenery: the original's infield and
+// apron are not bare grass, they are planted with rows of shrubs every other
+// tile, and without them a course reads as a track floating in a green void.
+//
+// `bush` is transcribed pixel for pixel off the NES track map (Track 1,
+// y112-119); `apronBush` is authored in the same style at the larger size the
+// near side of the track uses.
+export const OVERLAY_TILES = {
+  bush: tile([
+    '..3333..',
+    '.333333.',
+    '33133133',
+    '31311313',
+    '11311131',
+    '11111111',
+    '.111111.',
+    '..1111..',
+  ]),
+  apronBush: tile([
+    '.333333.',
+    '33333333',
+    '31333313',
+    '13111131',
+    '11311311',
+    '11131111',
+    '11111111',
+    '.111111.',
+  ]),
+  // Sparse tufts, to break up the run of bare ground between shrubs.
+  tuft: tile([
+    '........',
+    '........',
+    '........',
+    '...1....',
+    '..1.1...',
+    '........',
+    '.1...1..',
+    '........',
+  ]),
+};
+
+export const OVERLAY_TILE_NAMES = Object.keys(OVERLAY_TILES);
+
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 // The bike
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/src/games/excitebike/ExcitebikeLogic.js b/src/games/excitebike/ExcitebikeLogic.js
index 7db94e7..8e6066e 100644
--- a/src/games/excitebike/ExcitebikeLogic.js
+++ b/src/games/excitebike/ExcitebikeLogic.js
@@ -97,12 +97,31 @@ export const TUNE = {
   // Where a rider aims the nose on the way down: a little above the ground,
   // because that is the forgiving side.
   landBias: 0.14,
+  // How steep the ground is allowed to be when judging a landing against it.
+  //
+  // Ground angle is measured over a short window, and the steep ramp is only
+  // 15px wide — so that window straddles its cliff and reports the face the
+  // bike is climbing as a 73-degree wall. Comparing the bike's attitude to that
+  // is meaningless, and it made the steep ramp crash almost everyone who used
+  // it. Anything past this is a cliff, not a surface you land on.
+  landGroundAngleMax: 0.5,
 
   // Surfaces.
   mudSpeedCap: 74,
   roughSpeedDrain: 60,
   roughBounce: 34,
 
+  // Bad ground — a hole in the track, or a solid block — only puts you down if
+  // you arrive at pace. Hit it slowly and you simply bog down to a crawl.
+  //
+  // The crawl is what makes this safe: it is well under the crash speed, so
+  // once you are in bad ground you cannot build up enough pace to be thrown
+  // off it again. Without that, going down in a hole is unrecoverable — the
+  // bike only slides 12-60px and a hole is 80-440px wide, so you remount still
+  // inside it and crash on the very next frame, forever.
+  surfaceCrashSpeed: 110,
+  bogSpeed: 46,
+
   // Crashing and recovery. A crash has to hurt without ending the race: at
   // roughly two seconds all-in it is the single most expensive mistake
   // available, but a rider who goes down a few times can still make the time.
@@ -248,6 +267,15 @@ function grounded(b) {
   return b.state === STATE.RIDING || b.state === STATE.OVERHEATED;
 }
 
+/**
+ * The angle a landing is judged against, clamped to something a bike could
+ * actually touch down on. See TUNE.landGroundAngleMax.
+ */
+function landingAngle(model, lane, x) {
+  const a = groundAngleAt(model, lane, x);
+  return clamp(a, -TUNE.landGroundAngleMax, TUNE.landGroundAngleMax);
+}
+
 function emit(state, ev) {
   state.events.push(ev);
 }
@@ -461,13 +489,14 @@ function stepBike(state, b, input) {
 
   // ---- rough ground and obstacles -----------------------------------------
   if (b.state === STATE.RIDING) {
-    if (surf === SURFACE.OBSTACLE) {
-      crash(state, b, 'obstacle');
-      return;
-    }
-    if (surf === SURFACE.GAP) {
-      crash(state, b, 'gap');
-      return;
+    if (surf === SURFACE.OBSTACLE || surf === SURFACE.GAP) {
+      if (b.vx > TUNE.surfaceCrashSpeed) {
+        crash(state, b, surf === SURFACE.GAP ? 'gap' : 'obstacle');
+        return;
+      }
+      // Bogged down rather than thrown off. Capped below the crash speed, so a
+      // rider who ended up in here can always crawl back out of it.
+      b.vx = Math.min(b.vx, TUNE.bogSpeed);
     }
     if (surf === SURFACE.ROUGH) {
       // Whoops do not launch you, they rattle you: speed bleeds away and the
@@ -505,13 +534,22 @@ function stepBike(state, b, input) {
     if (b.y <= ground) {
       b.y = ground;
       const impact = Math.abs(b.vy);
+      // Coming down into a hole. Same rule as riding into one: at pace it puts
+      // you down, but a bike that drops in slowly just bogs, so a rider can
+      // always get themselves out.
       if (surfaceAt(model, lane, b.x) === SURFACE.GAP) {
-        crash(state, b, 'gap');
+        if (b.vx > TUNE.surfaceCrashSpeed) {
+          crash(state, b, 'gap');
+          return;
+        }
+        b.vx = Math.min(b.vx, TUNE.bogSpeed);
+        b.state = STATE.RIDING;
+        b.vy = 0;
         return;
       }
 
       // Positive is nose-up relative to the ground, i.e. rear wheel first.
-      const rel = b.pitch - groundAngleAt(model, lane, b.x);
+      const rel = b.pitch - landingAngle(model, lane, b.x);
       let quality;
       if (rel >= 0) {
         // Landing back-wheel-first is the right way to do it. Only a wheelie
@@ -556,7 +594,12 @@ function stepBike(state, b, input) {
       const slope = launchSlopeAt(model, lane, b.x);
       b.state = STATE.AIRBORNE;
       b.vy = b.vx * slope;
-      b.pitch = Math.atan(slope);
+      // Clear the lip. Vertical position is resolved before the horizontal
+      // move, so on a steep ramp the bike ends the frame buried inside the
+      // terrain it just left and "lands" again on the very next one. Lift it to
+      // the highest ground it is crossing so it actually gets away.
+      b.y = Math.max(b.y, ground, groundAt(model, lane, b.x + stepAhead));
+      b.pitch = clamp(Math.atan(slope), -TUNE.pitchMax, TUNE.pitchMax);
       b.pitchVel = 0;
       emit(state, { type: 'launch', bike: b.index, isPlayer: b.isPlayer, speed: b.vx });
     }
diff --git a/src/games/excitebike/ExcitebikeRaster.js b/src/games/excitebike/ExcitebikeRaster.js
index b21016c..562970f 100644
--- a/src/games/excitebike/ExcitebikeRaster.js
+++ b/src/games/excitebike/ExcitebikeRaster.js
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ import {
   INFIELD_Y, INFIELD_H, LANES_Y, LANE_H, LANE_COUNT, APRON_Y, APRON_H, TILE,
 } from './ExcitebikeNES.js';
 import {
-  TILES, THEMES, BG_CROWD, BG_WALL, BG_GRASS, BG_DIRT,
+  TILES, OVERLAY_TILES, THEMES, BG_CROWD, BG_WALL, BG_GRASS, BG_DIRT,
   SP_PLAYER, SP_RIVAL, SP_FLESH, SP_FX, S,
   buildFontGrid, buildBikeFrames, buildTumbleFrame, buildRunFrame,
   buildDownedBike, buildDustFrame, packStrip,
@@ -186,6 +186,14 @@ export function rasterizeTrack(model, themeId = model.theme) {
     const grassTile = Math.floor(x / TILE) % 2 === 0 ? TILES.grassA : TILES.grassB;
     for (let y = INFIELD_Y; y < INFIELD_Y + INFIELD_H; y += 1) p.tilePx(x, y, grassTile, grass);
     for (let y = APRON_Y; y < APRON_Y + APRON_H; y += 1) p.tilePx(x, y, TILES.apron, grass);
+
+    // Scenery. The original plants a row of shrubs along the far side of the
+    // infield and another across the apron, on every other tile — without them
+    // a course reads as a track floating in an empty field. Terrain is painted
+    // after this, so a ramp standing in front of a shrub correctly hides it.
+    const even = Math.floor(x / TILE) % 2 === 0;
+    overlay(p, x, INFIELD_BUSH_Y, even ? OVERLAY_TILES.bush : OVERLAY_TILES.tuft, grass);
+    overlay(p, x, APRON_BUSH_Y, even ? OVERLAY_TILES.apronBush : OVERLAY_TILES.tuft, grass);
   }
 
   // Racing surface, far lane first.
@@ -317,6 +325,21 @@ export function rasterizeTrack(model, themeId = model.theme) {
 // climb. Matches the launch-edge drop the sim uses.
 const SHEER_FACE = 3;
 
+// Where the two rows of scenery sit, measured off the NES track maps: the
+// infield shrubs run along the last two tiles of the infield, and the apron
+// shrubs just below the track.
+const INFIELD_BUSH_Y = INFIELD_Y + INFIELD_H - TILE * 2;
+const APRON_BUSH_Y = APRON_Y + 2;
+
+/** Draw one column of an overlay tile, treating slot 0 as transparent. */
+function overlay(p, x, y0, t, subpal) {
+  const sx = ((x % TILE) + TILE) % TILE;
+  for (let y = 0; y < TILE; y += 1) {
+    const slot = t.data[y * TILE + sx];
+    if (slot) p.px(x, y0 + y, subpal[slot]);
+  }
+}
+
 export const HEAT_BAR_X = 96;
 export const HEAT_BAR_Y = 20;
 export const HEAT_BAR_W = 64;
diff --git a/src/games/excitebike/sprites.md b/src/games/excitebike/sprites.md
index 8b894c8..7f84865 100644
--- a/src/games/excitebike/sprites.md
+++ b/src/games/excitebike/sprites.md
@@ -86,8 +86,28 @@ Lanes paint far to near so a near-lane hurdle overlaps the lane behind it — th
 the side-on view its depth. Surface markings (mud, cool-zone chevrons, whoops ruts) sit in the strip
 *above* the riding line, which is the only part of a 12px lane you can actually see.
 
+Raised terrain gets its own packed-earth hatch, a dark stroke around its silhouette, a lit crest, and
+a vertical cut on genuinely sheer faces — without that a ramp is indistinguishable from flat ground at
+a glance. Holes show the infield through the lane with vertical cut edges, as the maps draw them.
+
+## Scenery
+
+The infield and apron carry rows of shrubs, every other tile — `bush` is transcribed pixel for pixel
+off the Track 1 map (y112-119); `apronBush` is authored to match at the larger near-side size. Both
+are **overlay tiles**: unlike every other tile in the bank they must use slot 0 as transparency, and
+the harness asserts it.
+
+They paint in the **grass subpalette's slot 1**, which the grass fill tiles never use. That is what
+lets a shrub be a different colour from the field it stands in while staying inside four colours, and
+it is why `grassA`/`grassB` are checked for leaving slot 1 alone.
+
+## Gotcha: alternating lanes
+
+Lanes alternate between a light and a mid fill. Any marking painted in one fixed shade will disappear
+on every other lane — this bit the lane dividers and the cool-zone chevrons both. Markings pick
+whichever of the subpalette's extremes contrasts with the lane they are on.
+
 ## Still to do
 
-- **iconFrame 91** in `assets/images/game-icons.png` (44×44, row 6 col 2) — the menu lists the game
-  fine without it, but it has no icon
-- parallax backdrops and per-track crowd colour; the themes exist but the backdrop is plain
+- Cool zones and mud are not transcribed from the maps; see the markings section of
+  `docs/excitebike-build-plan.md` for what was tried and what to try next
diff --git a/tools/readExcitebikeMaps.js b/tools/readExcitebikeMaps.js
index d5a84f9..74238b8 100644
--- a/tools/readExcitebikeMaps.js
+++ b/tools/readExcitebikeMaps.js
@@ -167,24 +167,54 @@ function findGaps(img, t) {
 }
 
 /**
- * Textured patches: stretches where the shade colour floods a lane far above
- * its baseline. On these maps that is churned ground — mud and whoops.
+ * Surface markings on flat ground.
+ *
+ * The first pass at this failed because it looked at every column: a ramp's
+ * body is full of the shade colour and its crest is full of the highlight, so
+ * the detector fired on every ramp and produced a mud pit under each one. The
+ * fix is to mask out the columns a ramp stands on and only read what is left,
+ * which is genuinely flat track.
+ *
+ * The two markings then separate by colour, the way they do on screen: cool
+ * zones are chevrons painted in the course's highlight, mud is churned ground
+ * in its shade.
  */
-function findTextured(img, t) {
-  const shade = [...t.material].find((c) => c !== t.surface) ?? t.surface;
-  const perLane = [];
-  for (let lane = 0; lane < LANE_COUNT; lane += 1) {
-    const y0 = LANES_Y + lane * LANE_H;
-    const flags = new Array(t.length);
-    for (let i = 0; i < t.length; i += 1) {
-      let k = 0;
-      for (let y = y0; y < y0 + LANE_H; y += 1) if (pixelAt(img, t.first + i, y) === shade) k += 1;
-      // The lane divider contributes one row; anything much denser is texture.
-      flags[i] = k >= 4;
+function findMarkings(img, t, ramps) {
+  const covered = new Uint8Array(t.length);
+  for (const r of ramps) {
+    for (let i = Math.max(0, r.x - 2); i < Math.min(t.length, r.x + r.width + 2); i += 1) {
+      covered[i] = 1;
     }
-    perLane.push(runsOf(flags, 10));
   }
-  return perLane;
+
+  const rank = [...t.material];
+  const shade = rank.find((c) => c !== t.surface) ?? t.surface;
+  const highlight = rank.filter((c) => c !== t.surface && c !== shade).pop() ?? null;
+
+  const scan = (colour, minDensity) => {
+    const perLane = [];
+    for (let lane = 0; lane < LANE_COUNT; lane += 1) {
+      const y0 = LANES_Y + lane * LANE_H;
+      const flags = new Array(t.length);
+      for (let i = 0; i < t.length; i += 1) {
+        if (covered[i]) { flags[i] = false; continue; }
+        let k = 0;
+        for (let y = y0; y < y0 + LANE_H; y += 1) {
+          if (pixelAt(img, t.first + i, y) === colour) k += 1;
+        }
+        // The lane divider contributes about a row on its own; only something
+        // clearly denser than that is a marking.
+        flags[i] = k >= minDensity;
+      }
+      perLane.push(runsOf(flags, 12));
+    }
+    return perLane;
+  };
+
+  return {
+    mud: scan(shade, 4),
+    cool: highlight ? scan(highlight, 3) : [[], [], [], []],
+  };
 }
 
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -226,12 +256,33 @@ function gapLetter(lanes) {
 
 const THEMES = { 1: 'day', 2: 'night', 3: 'day', 4: 'desert', 5: 'snow' };
 
+/** Fold per-lane runs that overlap in x into single multi-lane features. */
+function mergeLaneRuns(perLane) {
+  const events = [];
+  for (let lane = 0; lane < LANE_COUNT; lane += 1) {
+    for (const [a, b] of perLane[lane]) events.push({ a, b, lane });
+  }
+  events.sort((p, q) => p.a - q.a);
+  const out = [];
+  for (const ev of events) {
+    const open = out.find((g) => ev.a < g.b + 12 && g.a < ev.b + 12);
+    if (open) {
+      open.a = Math.min(open.a, ev.a);
+      open.b = Math.max(open.b, ev.b);
+      open.lanes.add(ev.lane);
+    } else {
+      out.push({ a: ev.a, b: ev.b, lanes: new Set([ev.lane]) });
+    }
+  }
+  return out;
+}
+
 function transcribe(n) {
   const img = decodePng(readFileSync(join(DIR, `track${n}.png`)));
   const t = readTrack(img);
   const ramps = findRamps(img, t);
   const gapLanes = findGaps(img, t);
-  const texLanes = findTextured(img, t);
+  const marks = findMarkings(img, t, ramps);
 
   // Merge per-lane gap runs that overlap into one hurdle spanning those lanes.
   const gapEvents = [];
@@ -251,24 +302,10 @@ function transcribe(n) {
     }
   }
 
-  const texEvents = [];
-  for (let lane = 0; lane < LANE_COUNT; lane += 1) {
-    for (const [a, b] of texLanes[lane]) texEvents.push({ a, b, lane });
-  }
-  texEvents.sort((p, q) => p.a - q.a);
-  const patches = [];
-  for (const ev of texEvents) {
-    const open = patches.find((g) => ev.a < g.b + 12 && g.a < ev.b + 12);
-    if (open) {
-      open.a = Math.min(open.a, ev.a);
-      open.b = Math.max(open.b, ev.b);
-      open.lanes.add(ev.lane);
-    } else {
-      patches.push({ a: ev.a, b: ev.b, lanes: new Set([ev.lane]) });
-    }
-  }
+  const mud = mergeLaneRuns(marks.mud);
+  const cool = mergeLaneRuns(marks.cool);
 
-  return { n, img, t, ramps, gaps, patches, theme: THEMES[n] };
+  return { n, img, t, ramps, gaps, mud, cool, theme: THEMES[n] };
 }
 
 const results = [];
@@ -280,7 +317,8 @@ for (const r of results) {
   console.log(`  surface #${r.t.surface.toString(16).padStart(6, '0')}`
     + `  infield #${r.t.infield.toString(16).padStart(6, '0')}`
     + `  material ${[...r.t.material].map((c) => `#${c.toString(16).padStart(6, '0')}`).join(' ')}`);
-  console.log(`  ramps ${r.ramps.length}   gaps ${r.gaps.length}   textured patches ${r.patches.length}`);
+  console.log(`  ramps ${r.ramps.length}   gaps ${r.gaps.length}`
+    + `   mud ${r.mud.length}   cool zones ${r.cool.length}`);
 
   const byHeight = new Map();
   for (const ramp of r.ramps) {
@@ -289,7 +327,9 @@ for (const r of results) {
   }
   console.log('  ramp shapes:', [...byHeight.entries()].map(([k, v]) => `${k} x${v}`).join(', '));
   console.log('  gaps:', r.gaps.map((g) => `${g.a}+${g.b - g.a + 1}[${[...g.lanes].sort().join('')}]`).join(' ') || '(none)');
-  console.log('  patches:', r.patches.slice(0, 12).map((g) => `${g.a}+${g.b - g.a + 1}[${[...g.lanes].sort().join('')}]`).join(' ') || '(none)');
+  const fmt = (rows) => rows.slice(0, 10).map((g) => `${g.a}+${g.b - g.a + 1}[${[...g.lanes].sort().join('')}]`).join(' ') || '(none)';
+  console.log('  mud:  ', fmt(r.mud));
+  console.log('  cool: ', fmt(r.cool));
 }
 
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/tools/verifyExcitebike.js b/tools/verifyExcitebike.js
index aeb6cb7..85f6217 100644
--- a/tools/verifyExcitebike.js
+++ b/tools/verifyExcitebike.js
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ import {
   gridSlots, fitsSubpalette,
 } from '../src/games/excitebike/ExcitebikeNES.js';
 import {
-  TILES, TILE_NAMES, THEMES, THEME_IDS, FONT_CHARS, buildFontGrid,
+  TILES, TILE_NAMES, OVERLAY_TILES, OVERLAY_TILE_NAMES, THEMES, THEME_IDS, FONT_CHARS, buildFontGrid,
   buildBikeFrames, buildBikeFrame, buildTumbleFrame, buildRunFrame, buildDustFrame,
   buildDownedBike, packStrip, pitchFrameIndex, pitchFrameAngle, bikeFrame,
   BIKE_FRAME, BIKE_FRAME_COUNT, PITCH_FRAMES, PITCH_MAX, TREAD_FRAMES,
@@ -96,6 +96,25 @@ for (const name of TILE_NAMES) {
     'background tiles must use slots 1-3 only');
 }
 
+// Overlay tiles are the mirror image of the rule above: they are drawn over an
+// already-filled band, so they MUST carry transparency or the scenery paints a
+// solid block across the infield.
+for (const name of OVERLAY_TILE_NAMES) {
+  const t = OVERLAY_TILES[name];
+  check(`overlay ${name} is ${TILE}x${TILE}`, t.w === TILE && t.h === TILE);
+  check(`overlay ${name} stays inside one subpalette`, fitsSubpalette(t));
+  check(`overlay ${name} carries transparency`, gridSlots(t).has(S.CLEAR),
+    'an overlay with no clear pixels is a solid block');
+  check(`overlay ${name} draws something`, gridSlots(t).size > 1);
+}
+
+// The scenery is painted in the grass subpalette's slot 1, which the grass fill
+// tiles never use — that is what lets a shrub be a different colour from the
+// field it stands in without breaking the four-colour rule.
+for (const name of ['grassA', 'grassB']) {
+  check(`${name} leaves slot 1 free for the scenery`, !gridSlots(TILES[name]).has(S.DARK));
+}
+
 for (const id of THEME_IDS) {
   const theme = THEMES[id];
   check(`theme ${id} has 4 background subpalettes`, theme.bg.length === 4);
@@ -444,6 +463,56 @@ section('4. Physics invariants');
   check('a crash always resolves back to riding', recovered);
 }
 
+// Bad ground must be escapable. The bike only slides 12-60px when it goes down
+// and a hole is 80-440px wide, so a rider remounts still inside it — if arriving
+// slowly also crashed, that would loop forever and the race would be unfinishable.
+{
+  const holed = buildTrackModel({
+    id: 'holed', length: 4000, laps: 1, mainLaps: 1, qualifyMs: 90000,
+    hurdles: [{ t: 'E', x: 700 }, { t: 'Q', x: 800 }],
+  });
+
+  const state = createRace({ model: holed, mode: MODE.SOLO, seed: 12 });
+  state.phase = STATE.RIDING;
+  for (const b of state.bikes) b.state = STATE.RIDING;
+  // Drop the rider straight into the hole, slowly, as if they had just remounted.
+  state.player.x = 820;
+  state.player.vx = TUNE.remountSpeed;
+
+  let crashes = 0;
+  let escaped = false;
+  let maxInHole = 0;
+  const inp = { ...neutralInput(), a: true };
+  for (let f = 0; f < 60 * 60; f += 1) {
+    for (const ev of step(state, inp)) if (ev.type === 'crash') crashes += 1;
+    // Speed has to be sampled while still in the hole — once out, the bike is
+    // free to accelerate and says nothing about how it got there.
+    if (surfaceAt(holed, state.player.lane, state.player.x) === SURFACE.GAP) {
+      maxInHole = Math.max(maxInHole, state.player.vx);
+    }
+    if (state.player.x > 800 + HURDLES.Q.profile.length + 40) { escaped = true; break; }
+  }
+  check('a bike sitting in a hole is not thrown off again', crashes === 0, `${crashes} crashes`);
+  check('a bike can crawl out of a hole under its own power', escaped,
+    `stuck at x=${state.player.x.toFixed(0)}`);
+  check('crawling out of a hole is slow', maxInHole <= TUNE.bogSpeed + 1,
+    `reached ${maxInHole.toFixed(0)}`);
+
+  // ...but arriving at pace must still put you down, or a hole is not a hazard.
+  const fast = createRace({ model: holed, mode: MODE.SOLO, seed: 12 });
+  fast.phase = STATE.RIDING;
+  for (const b of fast.bikes) b.state = STATE.RIDING;
+  fast.player.x = 790;
+  fast.player.vx = TUNE.speedTurbo;
+  let fastCrash = false;
+  for (let f = 0; f < 60 && !fastCrash; f += 1) {
+    for (const ev of step(fast, inp)) if (ev.type === 'crash') fastCrash = true;
+  }
+  check('riding into a hole at pace still crashes you', fastCrash);
+  check('the crawl speed is safely under the crash speed',
+    TUNE.bogSpeed < TUNE.surfaceCrashSpeed && TUNE.remountSpeed < TUNE.surfaceCrashSpeed);
+}
+
 // Overheating must stall you, and cool zones must be the answer.
 {
   const hot = buildTrackModel({
@@ -556,6 +625,45 @@ section('4. Physics invariants');
     `${TUNE.speedAccel} -> ${TUNE.speedTurbo}`);
 }
 
+// A ramp must not put you down by itself. The steep ramp is only 15px wide, so
+// the windows that measure ground slope and curvature straddle its cliff and
+// report the face the bike is climbing as a 73-degree wall — which used to
+// launch the bike early, bury it inside the ramp it had just left, and then
+// judge the resulting phantom landing against that imaginary wall. Every ramp
+// in the catalogue is checked here, at every speed a bike can reach.
+{
+  for (const id of ['A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E', 'H', 'R', 'S']) {
+    const ramp = buildTrackModel({
+      id: `ramp-${id}`, length: 4000, laps: 1, mainLaps: 1, qualifyMs: 90000,
+      hurdles: [{ t: id, x: 600 }],
+    });
+    let worst = null;
+    for (const v of [60, 90, 120, 150, 200, 240, TUNE.speedTurbo]) {
+      const state = createRace({ model: ramp, mode: MODE.SOLO, seed: 5 });
+      state.phase = STATE.RIDING;
+      for (const b of state.bikes) b.state = STATE.RIDING;
+      state.player.x = 560;
+      state.player.vx = v;
+      const inp = { ...neutralInput(), a: true };
+      let outcome = null;
+      for (let f = 0; f < 900 && !outcome; f += 1) {
+        for (const ev of step(state, inp)) {
+          if (ev.type === 'land') outcome = ev.quality;
+          if (ev.type === 'crash') outcome = `crash-${ev.reason}`;
+        }
+      }
+      if (outcome && outcome.startsWith('crash')) worst = `${v}px/s -> ${outcome}`;
+    }
+    check(`hurdle ${id} does not crash a rider who just holds the throttle`,
+      worst === null, worst ?? '');
+  }
+
+  // And the clamp that makes it work has to stay sane: a cliff is not a surface.
+  check('the landing angle reference is clamped to a rideable slope',
+    TUNE.landGroundAngleMax > 0.2 && TUNE.landGroundAngleMax < 1.0,
+    `${TUNE.landGroundAngleMax}`);
+}
+
 // Contact: catching a leader from behind at speed puts YOU down.
 {
   const flat = buildTrackModel({