diff --git a/assets/gamedata/zuma/level-009.json b/assets/gamedata/zuma/level-009.json
index d4c0504..794bd62 100644
--- a/assets/gamedata/zuma/level-009.json
+++ b/assets/gamedata/zuma/level-009.json
@@ -1,364 +1,55 @@
 {
-  "level": 9,
-  "name": "Thunder Steps",
-  "frog": [
-    1620,
-    550
-  ],
-  "colors": 5,
-  "background": "zuma-background-2",
-  "seed": 72271,
-  "starScores": [
-    1210,
-    1820,
-    2420
-  ],
-  "paths": [
-    {
-      "shape": "zigzag",
-      "points": [
-        [
-          -80,
-          130
-        ],
-        [
-          -11,
-          130
-        ],
-        [
-          58,
-          130
-        ],
-        [
-          126,
-          130
-        ],
-        [
-          195,
-          130
-        ],
-        [
-          264,
-          130
-        ],
-        [
-          333,
-          130
-        ],
-        [
-          401,
-          130
-        ],
-        [
-          470,
-          130
-        ],
-        [
-          539,
-          130
-        ],
-        [
-          608,
-          130
-        ],
-        [
-          676,
-          130
-        ],
-        [
-          745,
-          130
-        ],
-        [
-          814,
-          130
-        ],
-        [
-          882,
-          130
-        ],
-        [
-          951,
-          130
-        ],
-        [
-          1020,
-          130
-        ],
-        [
-          1089,
-          130
-        ],
-        [
-          1158,
-          130
-        ],
-        [
-          1226,
-          130
-        ],
-        [
-          1295,
-          130
-        ],
-        [
-          1365,
-          149
-        ],
-        [
-          1416,
-          200
-        ],
-        [
-          1435,
-          270
-        ],
-        [
-          1416,
-          340
-        ],
-        [
-          1365,
-          391
-        ],
-        [
-          1295,
-          410
-        ],
-        [
-          1225,
-          410
-        ],
-        [
-          1156,
-          410
-        ],
-        [
-          1086,
-          410
-        ],
-        [
-          1016,
-          410
-        ],
-        [
-          947,
-          410
-        ],
-        [
-          877,
-          410
-        ],
-        [
-          807,
-          410
-        ],
-        [
-          738,
-          410
-        ],
-        [
-          668,
-          410
-        ],
-        [
-          598,
-          410
-        ],
-        [
-          529,
-          410
-        ],
-        [
-          459,
-          410
-        ],
-        [
-          389,
-          410
-        ],
-        [
-          320,
-          410
-        ],
-        [
-          250,
-          410
-        ],
-        [
-          180,
-          429
-        ],
-        [
-          129,
-          480
-        ],
-        [
-          110,
-          550
-        ],
-        [
-          129,
-          620
-        ],
-        [
-          180,
-          671
-        ],
-        [
-          250,
-          690
-        ],
-        [
-          320,
-          690
-        ],
-        [
-          389,
-          690
-        ],
-        [
-          459,
-          690
-        ],
-        [
-          529,
-          690
-        ],
-        [
-          598,
-          690
-        ],
-        [
-          668,
-          690
-        ],
-        [
-          738,
-          690
-        ],
-        [
-          807,
-          690
-        ],
-        [
-          877,
-          690
-        ],
-        [
-          947,
-          690
-        ],
-        [
-          1016,
-          690
-        ],
-        [
-          1086,
-          690
-        ],
-        [
-          1156,
-          690
-        ],
-        [
-          1225,
-          690
-        ],
-        [
-          1295,
-          690
-        ],
-        [
-          1365,
-          709
-        ],
-        [
-          1416,
-          760
-        ],
-        [
-          1435,
-          830
-        ],
-        [
-          1416,
-          900
-        ],
-        [
-          1365,
-          951
-        ],
-        [
-          1295,
-          970
-        ],
-        [
-          1225,
-          970
-        ],
-        [
-          1156,
-          970
-        ],
-        [
-          1086,
-          970
-        ],
-        [
-          1016,
-          970
-        ],
-        [
-          947,
-          970
-        ],
-        [
-          877,
-          970
-        ],
-        [
-          807,
-          970
-        ],
-        [
-          738,
-          970
-        ],
-        [
-          668,
-          970
-        ],
-        [
-          598,
-          970
-        ],
-        [
-          529,
-          970
-        ],
-        [
-          459,
-          970
-        ],
-        [
-          389,
-          970
-        ],
-        [
-          320,
-          970
-        ],
-        [
-          250,
-          970
-        ]
-      ],
-      "tunnels": [],
-      "quota": 36,
-      "introBalls": 11,
-      "pushSpeed": 96,
-      "powerUpRate": 0.055
-    }
-  ]
+ "level": 9,
+ "name": "Toga",
+ "frog": [
+  267,
+  825
+ ],
+ "colors": 4,
+ "seed": 12345,
+ "starScores": [
+  640,
+  960,
+  1280
+ ],
+ "paths": [
+  {
+   "shape": "custom",
+   "points": [
+    [
+     -51,
+     233
+    ],
+    [
+     1610,
+     243
+    ],
+    [
+     1706,
+     965
+    ],
+    [
+     671,
+     819
+    ],
+    [
+     583,
+     378
+    ],
+    [
+     1195,
+     409
+    ],
+    [
+     1425,
+     755
+    ]
+   ],
+   "tunnels": [],
+   "quota": 40,
+   "introBalls": 12,
+   "pushSpeed": 45,
+   "powerUpRate": 0.06
+  }
+ ]
 }
diff --git a/assets/images/vega/leaders.png b/assets/images/vega/leaders.png
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..726a5e4
Binary files /dev/null and b/assets/images/vega/leaders.png differ
diff --git a/assets/images/vega/leaders.psd b/assets/images/vega/leaders.psd
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..488931c
Binary files /dev/null and b/assets/images/vega/leaders.psd differ
diff --git a/data/mastervega-artwork.json b/data/mastervega-artwork.json
index 65ef87f..875e454 100644
--- a/data/mastervega-artwork.json
+++ b/data/mastervega-artwork.json
@@ -280,7 +280,7 @@
     },
     "leaders": {
       "key": "vega-leaders",
-      "path": null,
+      "path": "assets/images/vega/leaders.png",
       "kind": "portrait",
       "frameWidth": 160,
       "frameHeight": 160,
diff --git a/data/mastervega-rules.json b/data/mastervega-rules.json
index 9a1c44a..ee979d2 100644
--- a/data/mastervega-rules.json
+++ b/data/mastervega-rules.json
@@ -114,8 +114,8 @@
   "_hullsReadme": "Preset ship classes — there is no ship designer. space is the weapon capacity a Mark refit fills with the best available weapon; VegaShips.js derives every other stat from the owner's researched tech. sizeScale/sizeSpeedMult/turnRateBase (degrees/round)/brakeSeconds are only consumed by the VegaCombatV2 per-ship prototype (behind ?movsim's Live/V2 toggle) — the live engine (VegaCombat.js) ignores them entirely. brakeSeconds is how long (seconds) a hull takes to kill its own top speed under max thrust — small relative to a hull's speed means it can actually decelerate and hold position within weapon range (battleship/cruiser); large relative to speed means its stopping distance exceeds beamRange and it physically cannot stop before reaching a target, so it blows through and loops back for another pass instead (frigate/scout) — see VegaCombatV2.js's computeShipMove.",
   "hulls": [
     { "id": "scout",       "name": "Scout",       "role": "recon",   "baseCost": 18,  "baseHp": 10,  "space": 0,  "speedBonus": 2, "rangeBonus": 3, "frame": 0, "sizeScale": 0.4, "sizeSpeedMult": 1.3,  "turnRateBase": 170, "brakeSeconds": 15,  "desc": "Unarmed, fast and long-legged. Peels back the dark." },
-    { "id": "colonyship",  "name": "Colony Ship", "role": "colony",  "baseCost": 100, "baseHp": 18,  "space": 0,  "speedBonus": 0, "rangeBonus": 0, "frame": 1, "sizeScale": 0.9, "sizeSpeedMult": 0.8,  "turnRateBase": 90,  "brakeSeconds": 3,   "desc": "Carries a founding population. Consumed on arrival." },
-    { "id": "transport",   "name": "Troop Transport","role": "troops","baseCost": 40, "baseHp": 20,  "space": 0,  "speedBonus": 0, "rangeBonus": 0, "frame": 2, "sizeScale": 0.8, "sizeSpeedMult": 0.8,  "turnRateBase": 90,  "brakeSeconds": 3,   "troops": 4, "desc": "Four divisions of marines for boarding and invasion." },
+    { "id": "colonyship",  "name": "Colony Ship", "role": "colony",  "baseCost": 800, "baseHp": 18, "space": 0,  "speedBonus": 0, "rangeBonus": 0, "frame": 1, "sizeScale": 0.9, "sizeSpeedMult": 0.8,  "turnRateBase": 90,  "brakeSeconds": 3,   "desc": "Carries a founding population. Consumed on arrival." },
+    { "id": "transport",   "name": "Troop Transport","role": "troops","baseCost": 400, "baseHp": 20,  "space": 0,  "speedBonus": 0, "rangeBonus": 0, "frame": 2, "sizeScale": 0.8, "sizeSpeedMult": 0.8,  "turnRateBase": 90,  "brakeSeconds": 3,   "troops": 4, "desc": "Four divisions of marines for boarding and invasion." },
     { "id": "poptransport","name": "Colony Transport","role": "colony","baseCost": 30,"baseHp": 20,  "space": 0,  "speedBonus": 0, "rangeBonus": 0, "frame": 2, "sizeScale": 0.8, "sizeSpeedMult": 0.8,  "turnRateBase": 90,  "brakeSeconds": 3,   "desc": "Ferries colonists between worlds you already hold. Dispatched directly from a colony's Send Population order, never built from the queue — shares the Troop Transport's hull picture (frame 2, the ships sheet is full at 8 columns). sizeScale/sizeSpeedMult/turnRateBase/brakeSeconds intentionally match transport's — they share art and should render/move identically." },
     { "id": "frigate",     "name": "Frigate",     "role": "warship", "baseCost": 35,  "baseHp": 18,  "space": 6,  "speedBonus": 1, "rangeBonus": 1, "frame": 3, "sizeScale": 0.5, "sizeSpeedMult": 1.2,  "turnRateBase": 340, "brakeSeconds": 1.0, "desc": "Cheap escort. Screens the line and hunts scouts." },
     { "id": "destroyer",   "name": "Destroyer",   "role": "warship", "baseCost": 90,  "baseHp": 40,  "space": 14, "speedBonus": 1, "rangeBonus": 0, "frame": 4, "sizeScale": 1.0, "sizeSpeedMult": 1.0,  "turnRateBase": 230, "brakeSeconds": 1.35,"desc": "The workhorse combatant of any mid-game fleet." },
diff --git a/src/games/mastervega/VegaColoniesScreen.js b/src/games/mastervega/VegaColoniesScreen.js
index fff2204..6c3b5ed 100644
--- a/src/games/mastervega/VegaColoniesScreen.js
+++ b/src/games/mastervega/VegaColoniesScreen.js
@@ -697,7 +697,7 @@ export function openColoniesScreen(scene, rules, state, e, art, opts = {}) {
 
     const maxPop = colonyMaxPop(rules, state, colony);
     const popPct = colony.pop / Math.max(1, maxPop);
-    scroller.content.add(scene.add.text(COL_POP, y + 20, `${colony.pop.toFixed(1)} / ${maxPop}`, {
+    scroller.content.add(scene.add.text(COL_POP, y + 20, `${Math.round(colony.pop)} / ${maxPop}`, {
       fontFamily: FONT, fontSize: '16px',
       color: popPct < 0.5 ? '#e08a8a' : (popPct < 0.7 ? '#e0b08a' : '#c8dcf0'),
     }));
diff --git a/src/games/mastervega/VegaColonyIntro.js b/src/games/mastervega/VegaColonyIntro.js
index 3c189e8..de5c05d 100644
--- a/src/games/mastervega/VegaColonyIntro.js
+++ b/src/games/mastervega/VegaColonyIntro.js
@@ -644,7 +644,7 @@ export function openColonyIntro(scene, rules, state, colony, art, opts = {}) {
   // engine rather than hard-coded from foundColony(), so a species trait or a
   // tech that changes what a new colony is worth shows up here for free.
   const cells = [
-    ['POPULATION', colony.pop.toFixed(1)],
+    ['POPULATION', `${Math.round(colony.pop)}`],
     ['MAX POPULATION', `${colonyMaxPop(rules, state, colony)}`],
     ['OUTPUT', `${colonyProduction(rules, state, colony).toFixed(1)} BC`],
     ['CONSTRUCTION', `${colonyBuildRate(rules, state, colony).toFixed(1)} BC`],
diff --git a/src/games/mastervega/VegaColonyView.js b/src/games/mastervega/VegaColonyView.js
index 2b07658..4f3ea75 100644
--- a/src/games/mastervega/VegaColonyView.js
+++ b/src/games/mastervega/VegaColonyView.js
@@ -40,7 +40,9 @@ import { playSound, SFX } from '../../ui/Sounds.js';
 import { worldBackground, buildingFrame } from './VegaArt.js';
 import { createShipMediaPool, makeShipIcon } from './VegaShipMedia.js';
 import { openShipDetail } from './VegaShipDetail.js';
-import { describeBuildingTooltip } from './VegaTooltips.js';
+import { openLeaderDetail } from './VegaLeaderDetail.js';
+import { leaderOf } from './VegaLeaders.js';
+import { describeBuildingTooltip, describeLeaderTooltip } from './VegaTooltips.js';
 import {
   CHANNELS, colonyMaxPop, colonyProduction, colonyFactoryCap, effectiveFactories,
   colonyDefenseCap, colonyTrade, colonyBuildRate, setSlider, enqueue, enqueueMany,
@@ -275,6 +277,13 @@ export function openColonyView(scene, rules, state, colony, art, opts = {}) {
       { empireIdx: colony.empireIdx, hullId },
       () => { detail = null; if (flyMode === 'queue') pool.setPaused(false); });
   };
+  const openLeaderDetailFor = (leaderDef) => {
+    if (detail) return;
+    pool.setPaused(true);
+    detail = openLeaderDetail(scene, rules, state, art,
+      { leader: leaderDef, where: `${colony.name ?? worldName} (colony)` },
+      () => { detail = null; if (flyMode === 'queue') pool.setPaused(false); });
+  };
   /** Take the pool out of whatever is about to be destroyed. */
   const detachPool = () => pool.layer.parentContainer?.remove(pool.layer);
 
@@ -327,6 +336,24 @@ export function openColonyView(scene, rules, state, colony, art, opts = {}) {
       iconLayer.add(icon);
       tooltip.attachTo(icon, () => describeBuildingTooltip(rules, id));
     });
+
+    // The colony's administrator, if posted here — one more row above the
+    // buildings, ringed in gold so it doesn't read as just another building.
+    const leader = leaderOf(rules, state, colony.empireIdx, 'colony', colony.id);
+    if (leader) {
+      const buildingRows = realBuildings.length ? Math.ceil(realBuildings.length / perRow) : 0;
+      const cx = ICON_ROW_X + ICON / 2;
+      const cy = GAME_HEIGHT - ICON_ROW_BOTTOM - ICON / 2 - buildingRows * (ICON + ICON_GAP);
+      const ring = scene.add.rectangle(cx, cy, ICON + 6, ICON + 6, 0x000000, 0)
+        .setStrokeStyle(2, 0xffd88a, 0.9);
+      iconLayer.add(ring);
+      const portrait = scene.add.image(cx, cy, art.leaders, leader.portraitFrame)
+        .setDisplaySize(ICON, ICON)
+        .setInteractive({ useHandCursor: true });
+      iconLayer.add(portrait);
+      tooltip.attachTo(portrait, () => describeLeaderTooltip(leader));
+      portrait.on('pointerup', () => openLeaderDetailFor(leader));
+    }
   }
 
   // ------------------------------------------------------------- the panel
@@ -373,7 +400,7 @@ export function openColonyView(scene, rules, state, colony, art, opts = {}) {
     const rate = colonyBuildRate(rules, state, colony);
 
     heading('Status');
-    text(`Population   ${colony.pop.toFixed(1)} / ${maxPop}`, 17, '#c8dcf0', 2);
+    text(`Population   ${Math.round(colony.pop)} / ${maxPop}`, 17, '#c8dcf0', 2);
     text(`Factories   ${Math.floor(effF)} / ${capF}`, 17, '#c8dcf0', 2);
     text(`Output   ${prod.toFixed(1)} BC per turn`, 17, '#c8dcf0', 2);
     text(`Construction   ${rate.toFixed(1)} BC per turn`, 17, '#9fd8ff', 2);
@@ -426,6 +453,13 @@ export function openColonyView(scene, rules, state, colony, art, opts = {}) {
           // redrawn — including this one, which may have been clipped by the
           // room the locked channels left.
           sliders.forEach((other, j) => other.setValue(colony.sliders[CHANNELS[j]] ?? 0));
+          // Refresh the build queue's ETAs live as the allocation changes —
+          // but ONLY the flyout (flyLayer), never buildPanel()/panelLayer:
+          // the slider being dragged lives in panelLayer, and rebuilding that
+          // mid-drag would destroy its own interactive zone and cut the drag
+          // short. buildQueueFlyout() never touches panelLayer, so this is
+          // safe to call on every drag tick.
+          if (flyMode === 'queue') buildQueueFlyout();
           onChanged?.();
         }, CHANNEL_COLOUR[ch]);
       panelLayer.add(s.container);
@@ -962,7 +996,7 @@ export function openColonyView(scene, rules, state, colony, art, opts = {}) {
       y += 46;
 
       transportLayer.add(scene.add.text(x, y,
-        `From ${colony.name ?? `${star.name} ${ORBIT[colony.orbit] ?? colony.orbit + 1}`} — ${colony.pop.toFixed(1)} population`, {
+        `From ${colony.name ?? `${star.name} ${ORBIT[colony.orbit] ?? colony.orbit + 1}`} — ${Math.round(colony.pop)} population`, {
           fontFamily: FONT, fontSize: '15px', color: '#9fb6cc',
         }));
       y += 34;
@@ -996,7 +1030,7 @@ export function openColonyView(scene, rules, state, colony, art, opts = {}) {
           fontFamily: FONT, fontSize: '16px', color: '#e8f4ff',
         }));
         listCol.content.add(scene.add.text(12, ly + 25,
-          `${c.pop.toFixed(1)} population  ·  ${Number.isFinite(eta) ? `${eta} turn${eta === 1 ? '' : 's'}` : 'unreachable'}`, {
+          `${Math.round(c.pop)} population  ·  ${Number.isFinite(eta) ? `${eta} turn${eta === 1 ? '' : 's'}` : 'unreachable'}`, {
             fontFamily: FONT, fontSize: '13px', color: '#8fa8c0',
           }));
         ly += 48;
diff --git a/src/games/mastervega/VegaGnn.js b/src/games/mastervega/VegaGnn.js
index 8222ba3..ffef1c5 100644
--- a/src/games/mastervega/VegaGnn.js
+++ b/src/games/mastervega/VegaGnn.js
@@ -21,11 +21,15 @@ export const GNN_STORY_TYPES = new Set([
 ]);
 
 /**
- * Whether `ev` should ever become a GNN story. `techDone` is filtered twice:
- * only research-sourced completions (never espionage-stolen or traded techs
- * — nobody can headline a tech nobody publicly knows was taken) count, and
+ * Whether `ev` should ever become a GNN story. `techDone` is filtered three
+ * ways: only research-sourced completions (never espionage-stolen or traded
+ * techs — nobody can headline a tech nobody publicly knows was taken) count;
  * only techs hand-flagged `gnnHeadline` in the rules data count as
- * "breakthrough" news; the other ~75 techs stay ordinary.
+ * "breakthrough" news, the other ~75 techs stay ordinary; and it's
+ * contact-gated on the human (Brian's ask) — GNN can't headline a
+ * breakthrough by a species the player hasn't met yet, same logic as
+ * rankingRows/RANKING_METRICS staying off the page rotation until first
+ * contact. The human's own breakthroughs always qualify.
  *
  * `sabotage`/`techStolen` are visibility-gated on the VIEWER (the human),
  * since a successful mission never reveals who did it (see
@@ -39,7 +43,9 @@ export const GNN_STORY_TYPES = new Set([
 export function isGnnStory(rules, state, ev) {
   if (!GNN_STORY_TYPES.has(ev.type)) return false;
   if (ev.type === 'techDone') {
-    return ev.source === 'research' && !!rules.techs[ev.techId]?.gnnHeadline;
+    if (ev.source !== 'research' || !rules.techs[ev.techId]?.gnnHeadline) return false;
+    const me = state.humanIndex;
+    return ev.empire === me || !!state.empires[me]?.contacted?.[ev.empire];
   }
   if (ev.type === 'sabotage' || ev.type === 'techStolen') {
     const me = state.humanIndex;
diff --git a/src/games/mastervega/VegaGnnScreen.js b/src/games/mastervega/VegaGnnScreen.js
index 347a6f6..fe13f5f 100644
--- a/src/games/mastervega/VegaGnnScreen.js
+++ b/src/games/mastervega/VegaGnnScreen.js
@@ -592,7 +592,15 @@ export function openGnnScreen(scene, rules, state, art, opts = {}) {
   // the escape hatch for a player who does want the charts.
   const isEspionageAlert = !usingHistory
     && storyPages.some((p) => p.desc.kind === 'espionage' || p.desc.kind === 'espionageResult');
-  const rankingPages = isEspionageAlert ? [] : Gnn.RANKING_METRICS.map((metric) => ({ kind: 'ranking', metric }));
+  // The charts rank the human against every empire it has met (rankingRows
+  // is contact-gated) — with nobody met yet that's just a one-bar "race"
+  // against yourself, which reads as broken rather than informative. So the
+  // whole ranking rotation stays off the page list until first contact
+  // (Brian's ask), same suppression flag as the espionage-alert case above.
+  const me = state.humanIndex;
+  const hasMetAnyone = state.empires.some((o) => o.alive && o.idx !== me && state.empires[me].contacted[o.idx]);
+  const rankingPages = (isEspionageAlert || !hasMetAnyone)
+    ? [] : Gnn.RANKING_METRICS.map((metric) => ({ kind: 'ranking', metric }));
   // Always-accessible otherwise: present every time GNN opens, independent
   // of whether there's a pending story — same footing as the ranking pages.
   const relationsPage = isEspionageAlert ? null : { kind: 'relations' };
diff --git a/src/games/mastervega/VegaLeaderDetail.js b/src/games/mastervega/VegaLeaderDetail.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ac31438
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/games/mastervega/VegaLeaderDetail.js
@@ -0,0 +1,144 @@
+// Master of Vega — the leader detail pop-over.
+//
+// Clicking a leader's portrait anywhere (fleet side panel, colony view)
+// opens this: mirrors openShipDetail's chrome (full veil at D.detail, corner
+// ticks, grow-from-nothing entrance) but for a leader — the bonus they are
+// actually providing at their current posting, not just their catalogue
+// skill bag.
+//
+// Like openShipDetail, it does NOT go through MasterOfVegaGame.openModal —
+// it draws its own veil and clears whatever screen it was opened from.
+
+import * as Phaser from 'phaser';
+import { GAME_HEIGHT, GAME_WIDTH } from '../../config.js';
+import { Button } from './VegaButton.js';
+import { leaderSkillSummary } from './VegaLeaders.js';
+import { FONT, D, uiClick } from './VegaScreens.js';
+import { playSound, SFX } from '../../ui/Sounds.js';
+
+const ACCENT = 0x6fc4ff;
+const PANEL = 0x0b1220;
+const PANEL_W = 620;
+// Tall enough for a 3-skill leader (e.g. Elis Sedra) plus a two-line bio
+// without the PROVIDES list running into the Close button.
+const PANEL_H = 620;
+
+/**
+ * @param {object} opts
+ *   leader   — the rules leader def (name, kind, bio, skills, portraitFrame, upkeep).
+ *   where    — one-line description of the current posting, e.g.
+ *              "Your fleet at Vega Prime" or "Vega Prime (colony)".
+ * @param {function} onClose  called after the window has finished closing.
+ * @returns {{ close: function }}
+ */
+export function openLeaderDetail(scene, rules, state, art, opts, onClose) {
+  const { leader, where } = opts;
+  playSound(scene, SFX.VEGA_UNIT);
+
+  const halfW = PANEL_W / 2;
+  const halfH = PANEL_H / 2;
+
+  const layer = scene.add.container(0, 0).setDepth(D.detail);
+  const veil = scene.add.rectangle(0, 0, GAME_WIDTH, GAME_HEIGHT, 0x00060e, 0)
+    .setOrigin(0, 0).setInteractive();
+  layer.add(veil);
+  scene.tweens.add({ targets: veil, fillAlpha: 0.8, duration: 180 });
+
+  const pop = scene.add.container(GAME_WIDTH / 2, GAME_HEIGHT / 2);
+  pop.setScale(0.2).setAlpha(0.3);
+  layer.add(pop);
+
+  const panel = scene.add.rectangle(-halfW, -halfH, PANEL_W, PANEL_H, PANEL, 0.97).setOrigin(0, 0);
+  panel.setStrokeStyle(2, ACCENT, 0.85);
+  pop.add(panel);
+
+  const ticks = scene.add.graphics();
+  ticks.lineStyle(3, ACCENT, 0.9);
+  const t = 30;
+  for (const [tx, ty, dx, dy] of [
+    [-halfW, -halfH, 1, 1], [halfW, -halfH, -1, 1],
+    [-halfW, halfH, 1, -1], [halfW, halfH, -1, -1],
+  ]) {
+    ticks.lineBetween(tx, ty, tx + dx * t, ty);
+    ticks.lineBetween(tx, ty, tx, ty + dy * t);
+  }
+  pop.add(ticks);
+
+  pop.add(scene.add.image(0, -halfH + 130, art.leaders, leader.portraitFrame).setDisplaySize(220, 220));
+
+  pop.add(scene.add.text(0, -halfH + 258, leader.name.toUpperCase(), {
+    fontFamily: FONT, fontSize: '26px', color: '#cfe8ff',
+  }).setOrigin(0.5));
+  pop.add(scene.add.text(0, -halfH + 290, leader.kind === 'admin' ? 'Colony Administrator' : 'Fleet Captain', {
+    fontFamily: FONT, fontSize: '15px', color: '#9fd8ff',
+  }).setOrigin(0.5));
+
+  let y = -halfH + 322;
+  const colX = -halfW + 40;
+  const colW = PANEL_W - 80;
+
+  const text = (str, size, colour, gap = 6, align = 0.5) => {
+    const o = scene.add.text(align === 0.5 ? 0 : colX, y, str, {
+      fontFamily: FONT, fontSize: `${size}px`, color: colour, lineSpacing: 3,
+      wordWrap: { width: colW }, align: align === 0.5 ? 'center' : 'left',
+    }).setOrigin(align, 0);
+    pop.add(o);
+    y += o.height + gap;
+    return o;
+  };
+
+  text(leader.bio, 15, '#a8c4e0', 12);
+
+  const heading = (label) => {
+    y += 4;
+    pop.add(scene.add.text(colX, y, label, {
+      fontFamily: FONT, fontSize: '13px', color: '#6f8aa3',
+    }));
+    y += 20;
+    pop.add(scene.add.rectangle(colX, y, colW, 1, ACCENT, 0.22).setOrigin(0, 0));
+    y += 10;
+  };
+
+  heading('CURRENT POSTING');
+  text(where ?? 'Unassigned — costs upkeep, provides nothing.', 16, where ? '#7fd8a0' : '#e08a8a', 4, 0);
+
+  heading('PROVIDES');
+  const bonuses = leaderSkillSummary(leader.skills);
+  if (bonuses.length) {
+    for (const b of bonuses) text(b, 16, '#ffd88a', 4, 0);
+  } else {
+    text('No active bonus.', 15, '#7f97b3', 4, 0);
+  }
+
+  y += 6;
+  text(`Upkeep ${leader.upkeep} BC/turn`, 14, '#6f8aa3', 4, 0);
+
+  // ------------------------------------------------------------------ close
+  let closing = false;
+  const close = () => {
+    if (closing) return;
+    closing = true;
+    scene.tweens.add({ targets: veil, fillAlpha: 0, duration: 160 });
+    scene.tweens.add({
+      targets: pop,
+      scale: 0.2,
+      alpha: 0.25,
+      duration: 180,
+      ease: 'Cubic.easeIn',
+      onComplete: () => {
+        layer.destroy();
+        onClose?.();
+      },
+    });
+  };
+
+  pop.add(new Button(scene, halfW - 110, halfH - 46, 'Close', uiClick(scene, close),
+    { width: 180, height: 52, fontSize: 22, variant: 'ghost' }));
+  veil.on('pointerup', close);
+
+  scene.tweens.add({
+    targets: pop, scale: 1, alpha: 1, duration: 260, ease: 'Back.easeOut',
+  });
+
+  return { close };
+}
diff --git a/src/games/mastervega/VegaLeaders.js b/src/games/mastervega/VegaLeaders.js
index 73feb38..2d928b6 100644
--- a/src/games/mastervega/VegaLeaders.js
+++ b/src/games/mastervega/VegaLeaders.js
@@ -38,6 +38,33 @@ export function leaderOf(rules, state, e, kind, id) {
   return l ? rules.leaders[l.leaderId] : null;
 }
 
+// Human-readable form of a leader's `skills` bag, for screens that show a
+// posted leader's bonus rather than just their name (the Leaders screen's own
+// hire listing gets away with raw key/value pairs, but that reads badly next
+// to a fleet's other stats). Falls back to the raw key for anything not
+// covered here rather than hiding a skill the rules ever add.
+const SKILL_LABELS = {
+  shipAttack: (v) => `+${v} attack`,
+  shipDefense: (v) => `+${v} defense`,
+  initiative: (v) => `+${v} initiative`,
+  speedBonus: (v) => `+${v} speed`,
+  rangeBonus: (v) => `+${v} range`,
+  repairPerRound: (v) => `+${Math.round(v * 100)}% repair/round`,
+  groundAttack: (v) => `+${v} ground attack`,
+  groundDefense: (v) => `+${v} ground defense`,
+  industryMult: (v) => `+${Math.round((v - 1) * 100)}% industry`,
+  researchMult: (v) => `+${Math.round((v - 1) * 100)}% research`,
+  tradeMult: (v) => `+${Math.round((v - 1) * 100)}% trade`,
+  growthMult: (v) => `+${Math.round((v - 1) * 100)}% growth`,
+  ecologyMult: (v) => `${Math.round((1 - v) * 100)}% less pollution`,
+  maxPopBonus: (v) => `+${v} max pop`,
+  espionage: (v) => `+${v} espionage`,
+  counterEspionage: (v) => `+${v} counter-espionage`,
+};
+export function leaderSkillSummary(skills) {
+  return Object.entries(skills ?? {}).map(([k, v]) => (SKILL_LABELS[k] ? SKILL_LABELS[k](v) : `${k} ${v}`));
+}
+
 export function unassignedLeaders(rules, state, e) {
   return state.empires[e].leaders.filter((l) => l.assignKind === null || l.assignId < 0);
 }
diff --git a/src/games/mastervega/VegaLogic.js b/src/games/mastervega/VegaLogic.js
index 2fcc45f..95fa613 100644
--- a/src/games/mastervega/VegaLogic.js
+++ b/src/games/mastervega/VegaLogic.js
@@ -457,6 +457,12 @@ export function createGame(rules, opts) {
       pendingOffers: {},
       tradeAgreements: {},
       lastGiftTurn: {},
+      // colony.id -> the turn this empire last bombarded it. Caps bombard()
+      // at once per (attacker, colony) per turn — see bombard()'s own
+      // comment for why: unlike invade() it spends no resource of its own
+      // (warships aren't consumed), so without this cap the UI's Bombard
+      // button could be clicked any number of times in one turn.
+      lastBombardTurn: {},
       fleetIntrusions: {},
       explored: {},
       spyPoints: 0,
@@ -854,7 +860,7 @@ function processColony(rules, state, colony) {
   if (colony.queue.length === 0) buildSpill = build;
 
   // --- Research absorbs everything left over.
-  const research = share.research + ecoSpill + buildSpill;
+  const research = (share.research + ecoSpill + buildSpill) * (skills.researchMult ?? 1);
 
   // --- Population.
   const maxPop = colonyMaxPop(rules, state, colony);
@@ -981,7 +987,9 @@ function runEspionage(rules, state, e) {
   const spec = rules.species[emp.speciesId];
   const comps = empireComponents(rules, state, e);
   let power = (spec.traits.espionage ?? 0) + comps.espionage;
-  for (const c of empireColonies(state, e)) power += buildingEffect(rules, c, 'espionage');
+  for (const c of empireColonies(state, e)) {
+    power += buildingEffect(rules, c, 'espionage') + (colonyLeaderSkills(rules, state, c).espionage ?? 0);
+  }
   if (power <= 0) return;
 
   // Only the surplus over a baseline counts. A Battle-Scanner-and-nothing-else
@@ -1007,7 +1015,9 @@ function runEspionage(rules, state, e) {
   const mission = emp.espionageMission[target.idx] ?? 'steal';
   const tspec = rules.species[target.speciesId];
   let defence = (tspec.traits.counterEspionage ?? 0) + empireComponents(rules, state, target.idx).counterEspionage;
-  for (const c of empireColonies(state, target.idx)) defence += buildingEffect(rules, c, 'espionage');
+  for (const c of empireColonies(state, target.idx)) {
+    defence += buildingEffect(rules, c, 'espionage') + (colonyLeaderSkills(rules, state, c).counterEspionage ?? 0);
+  }
 
   const odds = Math.max(0.05, Math.min(0.8, 0.4 + (power - defence) / 200));
   if (rand(state) > odds) {
@@ -1590,6 +1600,14 @@ export function holdsOrbit(rules, state, e, starIdx, defenderIdx) {
   return defPower <= 0 || attPower > defPower;
 }
 
+// Whether `e` has already bombarded this exact colony this turn — exported
+// so the UI can grey out/hide the Bombard button proactively instead of
+// letting the player click it into a silent no-op (bombard() itself returns
+// null either way, same as every other precondition failure).
+export function bombardedThisTurn(state, e, colony) {
+  return state.empires[e].lastBombardTurn[colony.id] === state.turn;
+}
+
 // Bombard a colony from orbit, killing population.
 //
 // This is MOO1's answer to a cornered empire, and without it conquest is
@@ -1598,6 +1616,20 @@ export function holdsOrbit(rules, state, e, starIdx, defenderIdx) {
 // denies the attacker the clean orbit an invasion needs. Soaked to 2500 turns,
 // not one empire in eight games was ever eliminated. Bombing also thins the
 // defenders for a subsequent landing, so the two mechanics work together.
+//
+// Capped at once per (attacker, colony) per turn (lastBombardTurn, keyed by
+// colony.id on the attacking empire — not global, so two different empires
+// bombarding the same contested world in the same turn don't block each
+// other). Unlike invade(), which naturally self-limits by consuming the
+// troop transports that carried it out, bombard() spends no resource of its
+// own — warships aren't expended — so without this cap VegaSystemView.js's
+// Bombard button could be clicked any number of times in one turn and wipe
+// a colony's population instantly regardless of fleet size. This also
+// quietly fixes the same bug on the AI side: VegaAI.js calls bombard() once
+// per fleet it has at a hostile star, and bombard() has always summed EVERY
+// attacker fleet at that star regardless of which one was passed in, so an
+// AI with two fleets at one siege was double-charging the same pooled
+// damage before this cap existed.
 export function bombard(rules, state, e, starIdx, orbit = null) {
   const colony = targetColonyAt(state, e, starIdx, orbit);
   if (!colony || colony.empireIdx === e) return null;
@@ -1605,6 +1637,7 @@ export function bombard(rules, state, e, starIdx, orbit = null) {
   if (!holdsOrbit(rules, state, e, starIdx, colony.empireIdx)) return null;
 
   const emp = state.empires[e];
+  if (bombardedThisTurn(state, e, colony)) return null;
   const spec = rules.species[emp.speciesId];
   let damage = 0;
   let cracker = false;
@@ -1618,6 +1651,7 @@ export function bombard(rules, state, e, starIdx, orbit = null) {
     }
   }
   if (damage <= 0) return null;
+  emp.lastBombardTurn[colony.id] = state.turn;
 
   const comps = empireComponents(rules, state, e);
   const shield = colony.buildings.includes('planetaryshield')
@@ -1653,8 +1687,8 @@ export function bombard(rules, state, e, starIdx, orbit = null) {
 export function invasionForecast(rules, state, e, starIdx, orbit = null) {
   const colony = targetColonyAt(state, e, starIdx, orbit);
   if (!colony || colony.empireIdx === e) return null;
-  const troops = state.fleets
-    .filter((f) => f.starIdx === starIdx && f.empireIdx === e)
+  const invadingFleets = state.fleets.filter((f) => f.starIdx === starIdx && f.empireIdx === e);
+  const troops = invadingFleets
     .reduce((t, f) => t + f.ships
       .filter((s) => s.hullId === 'transport')
       .reduce((n, s) => n + s.count, 0), 0) * (rules.hulls.transport.troops ?? 4);
@@ -1662,7 +1696,8 @@ export function invasionForecast(rules, state, e, starIdx, orbit = null) {
 
   const spec = rules.species[state.empires[e].speciesId];
   const comps = empireComponents(rules, state, e);
-  const attackBonus = (spec.traits.groundAttack ?? 0) + (comps.groundAttack ?? 0);
+  const leaderBonus = invadingFleets.reduce((t, f) => t + (fleetLeaderSkills(rules, state, f).groundAttack ?? 0), 0);
+  const attackBonus = (spec.traits.groundAttack ?? 0) + (comps.groundAttack ?? 0) + leaderBonus;
   const defenceBonus = colonyGroundDefense(rules, state, colony) + colony.defenseHp / 45;
   const defenders = Math.max(1, Math.round(colony.pop / 8)) + Math.round(defenceBonus / 10);
   const odds = Math.max(0.1, Math.min(0.9,
@@ -1704,7 +1739,8 @@ export function invade(rules, state, e, starIdx, orbit = null) {
   const spec = rules.species[emp.speciesId];
   const comps = empireComponents(rules, state, e);
   const troops = stack.count * (rules.hulls.transport.troops ?? 4);
-  const attackBonus = (spec.traits.groundAttack ?? 0) + (comps.groundAttack ?? 0);
+  const attackBonus = (spec.traits.groundAttack ?? 0) + (comps.groundAttack ?? 0)
+    + (fleetLeaderSkills(rules, state, fleet).groundAttack ?? 0);
   // Intact orbital batteries shell the landing zones, but only as a modifier —
   // at a twelfth of their hit points they alone drove the attacker's odds to
   // the 10% floor and only 21 of 268 landings succeeded.
@@ -2591,6 +2627,7 @@ export function deserialize(json) {
     // gift cooldown tracking, and foreign-fleet dwell tracking.
     emp.tradeAgreements ??= {};
     emp.lastGiftTurn ??= {};
+    emp.lastBombardTurn ??= {};
     emp.fleetIntrusions ??= {};
     emp.espionageMission ??= {};
   }
diff --git a/src/games/mastervega/VegaScreens.js b/src/games/mastervega/VegaScreens.js
index 8544b29..ae5fe48 100644
--- a/src/games/mastervega/VegaScreens.js
+++ b/src/games/mastervega/VegaScreens.js
@@ -109,6 +109,31 @@ export function modalShell(scene, title, onClose, { width = 1220, height = 800,
   };
 }
 
+/**
+ * Click-to-enlarge a portrait thumbnail. Sits at D.detail so it clears the
+ * Leaders modal (D.modal) without either having to be torn down; a click
+ * anywhere (veil or portrait) closes it, same one-shot-overlay feel as
+ * openListPicker.
+ */
+function openPortraitZoom(scene, art, frame, name) {
+  const cx = GAME_WIDTH / 2;
+  const cy = GAME_HEIGHT / 2;
+  const box = scene.add.container(0, 0).setDepth(D.detail);
+  const close = () => { playSound(scene, SFX.VEGA_CLOSE); box.destroy(); };
+  box.add(scene.add.rectangle(cx, cy, GAME_WIDTH, GAME_HEIGHT, 0x000914, 0.82)
+    .setOrigin(0.5).setInteractive({ useHandCursor: true }).on('pointerdown', close));
+  const size = 420;
+  box.add(scene.add.rectangle(cx, cy, size + 20, size + 20, PANEL, 0.98).setStrokeStyle(2, ACCENT));
+  box.add(scene.add.image(cx, cy, art.leaders, frame).setDisplaySize(size, size)
+    .setInteractive({ useHandCursor: true }).on('pointerdown', close));
+  if (name) {
+    box.add(scene.add.text(cx, cy + size / 2 + 30, name, {
+      fontFamily: FONT, fontSize: '20px', color: '#ffd88a',
+    }).setOrigin(0.5));
+  }
+  return box;
+}
+
 /** A labelled horizontal slider. Returns { container, setValue }. */
 export function slider(scene, x, y, w, label, value, onChange, colour = ACCENT) {
   const c = scene.add.container(x, y);
@@ -401,7 +426,8 @@ export function openLeaderScreen(scene, rules, state, e, art, onClose, onChanged
     const cost = leaderHireCost(rules, state, e, offer.id);
     const affordable = emp.bc >= cost;
     shell.add(scene.add.image(shell.body.x + 32, y + 30, art.leaders, offer.portraitFrame)
-      .setDisplaySize(60, 60));
+      .setDisplaySize(60, 60).setInteractive({ useHandCursor: true })
+      .on('pointerdown', () => openPortraitZoom(scene, art, offer.portraitFrame, offer.name)));
     shell.add(scene.add.text(shell.body.x + 76, y + 4, `${offer.name} — ${offer.kind}`, {
       fontFamily: FONT, fontSize: '19px', color: '#e8f4ff',
     }));
@@ -445,7 +471,8 @@ export function openLeaderScreen(scene, rules, state, e, art, onClose, onChanged
       where = f ? fleetLabel(rules, state, f) : 'unassigned';
     }
     shell.add(scene.add.image(shell.body.x + 24, y + 18, art.leaders, def.portraitFrame)
-      .setDisplaySize(40, 40));
+      .setDisplaySize(40, 40).setInteractive({ useHandCursor: true })
+      .on('pointerdown', () => openPortraitZoom(scene, art, def.portraitFrame, def.name)));
     shell.add(scene.add.text(shell.body.x + 56, y + 6,
       `${def.name} — ${def.kind} — ${where} — ${def.upkeep} BC/turn`, {
         fontFamily: FONT, fontSize: '16px', color: '#c8dcf0',
diff --git a/src/games/mastervega/VegaSidePanel.js b/src/games/mastervega/VegaSidePanel.js
index dd16a18..2c84daa 100644
--- a/src/games/mastervega/VegaSidePanel.js
+++ b/src/games/mastervega/VegaSidePanel.js
@@ -35,6 +35,8 @@ import { playSound, SFX } from '../../ui/Sounds.js';
 import { etaText } from './VegaColonyView.js';
 import { createShipMediaPool, makeShipIcon } from './VegaShipMedia.js';
 import { openShipDetail } from './VegaShipDetail.js';
+import { openLeaderDetail } from './VegaLeaderDetail.js';
+import { leaderOf, leaderSkillSummary } from './VegaLeaders.js';
 
 const W = 400;
 const PAD = 18;
@@ -364,6 +366,20 @@ export default class VegaSidePanel {
     );
   }
 
+  /** Same one-detail-window-at-a-time gate as openDetail, for a leader row. */
+  openLeaderDetailFor(leader, where) {
+    if (this.detail) return;
+    this.pool.setPaused(true);
+    this.detail = openLeaderDetail(
+      this.scene, this.rules, this.state, this.art,
+      { leader, where },
+      () => {
+        this.detail = null;
+        if (this.root.visible) this.pool.setPaused(false);
+      },
+    );
+  }
+
   /**
    * A read-only `N × Name` line with thumbnails — the in-transit list, the
    * garrison and the order screen's task force all take this shape. The
@@ -483,7 +499,7 @@ export default class VegaSidePanel {
     if (!mine) {
       // What a rival tells you about their colony is what you can see from
       // orbit: how many people live there, and whether they are shooting.
-      this.line(`Population ${colony.pop.toFixed(1)}`, { size: 14, color: '#9fb6cc', gap: 2 });
+      this.line(`Population ${Math.round(colony.pop)}`, { size: 14, color: '#9fb6cc', gap: 2 });
       if (this.viewerIdx >= 0 && atWar(state, this.viewerIdx, colony.empireIdx)) {
         this.line('At war — bombard and invade from the system view.',
           { size: 13, color: '#e08a8a' });
@@ -495,7 +511,7 @@ export default class VegaSidePanel {
 
     const prod = colonyProduction(rules, state, colony);
     this.line(
-      `Population ${colony.pop.toFixed(1)} / ${colonyMaxPop(rules, state, colony)}\n`
+      `Population ${Math.round(colony.pop)} / ${colonyMaxPop(rules, state, colony)}\n`
       + `Factories ${Math.floor(effectiveFactories(rules, state, colony))} / ${colonyFactoryCap(rules, state, colony)}\n`
       + `Output ${prod.toFixed(1)} BC per turn\n`
       + `Defences ${Math.round(colony.defenseHp)} / ${colonyDefenseCap(rules, state, colony)}`
@@ -579,6 +595,7 @@ export default class VegaSidePanel {
       this.setHead('Fleet', 'Under way');
       this.line(`${from?.name ?? '?'}  →  ${to?.name ?? '?'}`, { size: 17, color: '#cfe8ff' });
       this.etaLine(fleetEta(rules, state, fleet));
+      this.leaderRow();
       this.shipList();
       this.y += 8;
       this.callout('A fleet in transit cannot be redirected until it arrives.', '#e0b08a');
@@ -589,6 +606,7 @@ export default class VegaSidePanel {
     this.setHead('Fleet', `In orbit at ${star.name}`);
     this.line(`${total} ship${total === 1 ? '' : 's'}  ·  power ${fleetPower(rules, state, fleet)}`,
       { size: 15, color: '#9fb6cc' });
+    this.leaderRow();
 
     this.heading('Task force');
     if (!this.sel.length) {
@@ -695,6 +713,34 @@ export default class VegaSidePanel {
     });
   }
 
+  /**
+   * The fleet's posted captain, if any, and the bonus they are applying.
+   * Clicking the row opens the same detail pop-over a ship row does.
+   */
+  leaderRow() {
+    const { rules, state, fleet } = this;
+    const leader = leaderOf(rules, state, fleet.empireIdx, 'fleet', fleet.id);
+    if (!leader) return;
+    const rowY = this.y;
+    const SIZE = 44;
+    this.body.add(this.scene.add.image(PAD + SIZE / 2, rowY + SIZE / 2, this.art.leaders, leader.portraitFrame)
+      .setDisplaySize(SIZE, SIZE));
+    const textX = PAD + SIZE + 14;
+    this.line(leader.name, { x: textX, size: 15, color: '#ffd88a', gap: 2, wrap: COL - SIZE - 14 });
+    this.line(leaderSkillSummary(leader.skills).join('  ·  ') || 'No active bonus',
+      { x: textX, size: 13, color: '#7fd8a0', wrap: COL - SIZE - 14 });
+    const rowH = Math.max(SIZE, this.y - rowY);
+    this.y = Math.max(this.y, rowY + SIZE + 10);
+
+    const where = fleet.starIdx >= 0
+      ? `Your fleet at ${state.galaxy.stars[fleet.starIdx]?.name ?? '?'}`
+      : `Your fleet, en route to ${state.galaxy.stars[fleet.toStar]?.name ?? '?'}`;
+    const hit = this.scene.add.rectangle(PAD, rowY, COL, rowH, 0xffffff, 0.001)
+      .setOrigin(0, 0).setInteractive({ useHandCursor: true });
+    hit.on('pointerup', () => this.openLeaderDetailFor(leader, where));
+    this.body.add(hit);
+  }
+
   shipList() {
     this.heading('Ships');
     for (const s of this.fleet.ships) {
@@ -753,7 +799,7 @@ export default class VegaSidePanel {
         for (const c of hostiles) {
           const owner = state.empires[c.empireIdx];
           const war = this.viewerIdx >= 0 && atWar(state, this.viewerIdx, c.empireIdx);
-          this.line(`${owner.name} colony — pop ${c.pop.toFixed(1)}${war ? ' — at war' : ''}`,
+          this.line(`${owner.name} colony — pop ${Math.round(c.pop)}${war ? ' — at war' : ''}`,
             { size: 14, color: war ? '#e08a8a' : owner.color, gap: 2 });
         }
         for (const f of enemyFleets) {
diff --git a/src/games/mastervega/VegaStarMap.js b/src/games/mastervega/VegaStarMap.js
index 5f06112..f3203bf 100644
--- a/src/games/mastervega/VegaStarMap.js
+++ b/src/games/mastervega/VegaStarMap.js
@@ -449,7 +449,7 @@ export default class VegaStarMap {
         const own = cols.filter((c) => c.empireIdx === emp.idx).sort((a, b) => a.orbit - b.orbit);
         if (!own.length) continue;
         const text = showText ? this.scene.add.text(0, 0, own.map((c) => (
-          `${c.name ?? `${s.star.name} ${ORBIT[c.orbit] ?? c.orbit + 1}`} (pop. ${c.pop.toFixed(1)})`
+          `${c.name ?? `${s.star.name} ${ORBIT[c.orbit] ?? c.orbit + 1}`} (pop. ${Math.round(c.pop)})`
         )).join('\n'), {
           fontFamily: FONT, fontSize: `${textSize}px`, color: '#f0f4fa', lineSpacing: 2,
         }).setOrigin(1, 0) : null;
diff --git a/src/games/mastervega/VegaSystemView.js b/src/games/mastervega/VegaSystemView.js
index fd0435e..ff9d66d 100644
--- a/src/games/mastervega/VegaSystemView.js
+++ b/src/games/mastervega/VegaSystemView.js
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ import {
   CHANNELS, coloniesAt, canColonize, colonize, colonyMaxPop, colonyProduction,
   colonyFactoryCap, effectiveFactories, colonyDefenseCap, colonyBuildRate,
   collapseQueue, queueItemCost, queueEtas, invasionForecast, invade, bombard, atWar,
-  peekColonyName,
+  peekColonyName, bombardedThisTurn,
 } from './VegaLogic.js';
 
 export function openSystemView(scene, rules, state, starIdx, art, opts = {}) {
@@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ export function openSystemView(scene, rules, state, starIdx, art, opts = {}) {
     const maxPop = colonyMaxPop(rules, state, colony);
     const prod = colonyProduction(rules, state, colony);
     console_.add(scene.add.text(panelX, y,
-      `Population ${colony.pop.toFixed(1)} / ${maxPop}\n`
+      `Population ${Math.round(colony.pop)} / ${maxPop}\n`
       + `Factories ${Math.floor(effectiveFactories(rules, state, colony))} / ${colonyFactoryCap(rules, state, colony)}\n`
       + `Output ${prod.toFixed(1)} BC   Defences ${Math.round(colony.defenseHp)} / ${colonyDefenseCap(rules, state, colony)}`
       + (colony.waste > 0.5 ? `\nUncleaned waste ${colony.waste.toFixed(1)}` : ''), {
@@ -217,6 +217,7 @@ export function openSystemView(scene, rules, state, starIdx, art, opts = {}) {
       // Enemy colony: offer the two things a fleet in orbit can actually do.
       if (viewerIdx >= 0 && atWar(state, viewerIdx, colony.empireIdx)) {
         const forecast = invasionForecast(rules, state, viewerIdx, starIdx, colony.orbit);
+        const alreadyBombarded = bombardedThisTurn(state, viewerIdx, colony);
         console_.add(scene.add.text(panelX, y, forecast && forecast.troops > 0
           ? `${forecast.troops} marines vs ~${forecast.defenders} defenders — ${Math.round(forecast.odds * 100)}% per exchange`
           : 'No troop transports in orbit.', {
@@ -224,6 +225,12 @@ export function openSystemView(scene, rules, state, starIdx, art, opts = {}) {
           wordWrap: { width: panelW },
         }));
         y += 44;
+        if (alreadyBombarded) {
+          console_.add(scene.add.text(panelX, y, 'Already bombarded this world this turn — try again next turn.', {
+            fontFamily: FONT, fontSize: '14px', color: '#7f97b3',
+          }));
+          y += 26;
+        }
         // Both actions used to fail completely silently — refused by a
         // precondition (no orbital superiority, no weapons) and an attempted-
         // but-lost invasion (every troop consumed either way — see invade()
@@ -231,7 +238,11 @@ export function openSystemView(scene, rules, state, starIdx, art, opts = {}) {
         // all, since the only record was a turn-report event the player
         // wouldn't see until ending their turn. scene.log() surfaces the
         // outcome immediately in the same ticker the rest of the HUD uses.
-        console_.add(new Button(scene, panelX + 120, y + 20, 'Bombard', uiClick(scene, () => {
+        // Bombard is capped at once per colony per turn (VegaLogic.js's
+        // lastBombardTurn) — disabled here rather than hidden, since it's a
+        // temporary "wait for next turn" state, not a structural
+        // unavailability like Invade's "no transports" below.
+        const bombardBtn = new Button(scene, panelX + 120, y + 20, 'Bombard', uiClick(scene, () => {
           const result = bombard(rules, state, viewerIdx, starIdx, colony.orbit);
           if (!result) {
             scene.log?.('Bombard failed — you need orbital superiority and warships with a working weapon.');
@@ -241,7 +252,9 @@ export function openSystemView(scene, rules, state, starIdx, art, opts = {}) {
             scene.log?.(`Bombarded the ${owner.name} colony — ${result.killed} killed.`);
           }
           onChanged?.(); rebuild();
-        }), { width: 220, height: 42, bg: 0x6b2230 }));
+        }), { width: 220, height: 42, bg: 0x6b2230 });
+        if (alreadyBombarded) bombardBtn.setEnabled(false);
+        console_.add(bombardBtn);
         if (forecast && forecast.troops > 0) {
           console_.add(new Button(scene, panelX + 370, y + 20, 'Invade', uiClick(scene, () => {
             const result = invade(rules, state, viewerIdx, starIdx, colony.orbit);
diff --git a/src/games/mastervega/VegaTooltips.js b/src/games/mastervega/VegaTooltips.js
index 4996c5d..1d2f6a7 100644
--- a/src/games/mastervega/VegaTooltips.js
+++ b/src/games/mastervega/VegaTooltips.js
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 import { COLORS } from '../../config.js';
 import { coloniesAt, habitableForEmpire } from './VegaLogic.js';
 import { techCost, techCostFactor } from './VegaRules.js';
+import { leaderSkillSummary } from './VegaLeaders.js';
 
 // Hover tooltip for a star on the map. `viewerEmp` is the human empire (or
 // null in observer mode, which sees everything). An unexplored star only
@@ -34,7 +35,7 @@ export function describeStarTooltip(rules, state, viewerEmp, starIdx) {
   for (const c of cols) {
     const owner = state.empires[c.empireIdx];
     lines.push({
-      text: `${owner.name} colony — pop ${c.pop.toFixed(1)}${c.capital ? ' (capital)' : ''}`,
+      text: `${owner.name} colony — pop ${Math.round(c.pop)}${c.capital ? ' (capital)' : ''}`,
       color: owner.color,
     });
   }
@@ -107,3 +108,20 @@ export function describeBuildingTooltip(rules, buildingId) {
     ],
   };
 }
+
+// Hover tooltip for a colony's posted administrator, shown beside the
+// building icon row. `leader` is the rules leader def (name/bio/skills).
+export function describeLeaderTooltip(leader) {
+  const bonuses = leaderSkillSummary(leader.skills);
+  return {
+    title: leader.name,
+    titleColor: COLORS.goldHex,
+    lines: [
+      { text: 'Colony Administrator', color: '#9fd8ff' },
+      ...(bonuses.length
+        ? bonuses.map((b) => ({ text: b, color: COLORS.goldHex }))
+        : [{ text: 'No active bonus.', color: COLORS.mutedHex }]),
+      { text: leader.bio },
+    ],
+  };
+}
diff --git a/tools/verifyMasterOfVega.js b/tools/verifyMasterOfVega.js
index 11c3661..8bcc160 100644
--- a/tools/verifyMasterOfVega.js
+++ b/tools/verifyMasterOfVega.js
@@ -1423,6 +1423,55 @@ section('4c. Population transport');
         !!bombardResult, JSON.stringify(bombardResult));
     }
   }
+
+  // --- bombard() is capped at once per (attacker, colony) per turn. Without
+  // it, VegaSystemView.js's Bombard button could be clicked any number of
+  // times in a single turn — warships aren't consumed the way invade()'s
+  // transports are, so nothing else stopped a colony being wiped out
+  // instantly regardless of fleet size.
+  {
+    const stB = Logic.createGame(RULES, {
+      sizeId: 'small', shapeId: 'cluster', seed: 4747, difficultyId: 'normal',
+      speciesIds: ['human', 'kkrix', 'rrashaa'], humanIndex: 0,
+    });
+    stB.rules = RULES;
+    let starIdxB = -1;
+    for (let i = 0; i < stB.galaxy.stars.length; i += 1) {
+      if ((stB.galaxy.stars[i].planets?.length ?? 0) >= 1 && !stB.galaxy.homeIdx.includes(i)) { starIdxB = i; break; }
+    }
+    check('bombard-cap test galaxy has a spare star', starIdxB >= 0);
+    if (starIdxB >= 0) {
+      const target = Logic.foundColony(RULES, stB, 1, starIdxB, 0, 500); // big enough to survive one hit
+      Diplo.declareWar(RULES, stB, 0, 1);
+      Logic.addFleet(RULES, stB, 0, starIdxB, [{ hullId: 'frigate', count: 3, mark: 1 }]);
+
+      const first = Logic.bombard(RULES, stB, 0, starIdxB);
+      check('bombard-cap fixture: first bombard succeeds and does not destroy the colony',
+        !!first && !first.destroyed, JSON.stringify(first));
+      check('bombardedThisTurn reports true immediately after a successful bombard',
+        Logic.bombardedThisTurn(stB, 0, target) === true);
+
+      const popAfterFirst = target.pop;
+      const second = Logic.bombard(RULES, stB, 0, starIdxB);
+      check('a second bombard on the same colony in the same turn is refused', second === null);
+      check('a refused repeat bombard costs no additional population', target.pop === popAfterFirst);
+
+      stB.turn += 1;
+      const nextTurn = Logic.bombard(RULES, stB, 0, starIdxB);
+      check('bombard works again on a later turn', !!nextTurn);
+      check('a later-turn bombard actually reduces population further', target.pop < popAfterFirst);
+
+      // The cap is per (attacker, colony), not global — a different attacker
+      // bombarding the same colony in the same turn is unaffected.
+      Diplo.declareWar(RULES, stB, 2, 1);
+      Logic.addFleet(RULES, stB, 2, starIdxB, [{ hullId: 'frigate', count: 3, mark: 1 }]);
+      const popBeforeOther = target.pop;
+      const otherAttacker = Logic.bombard(RULES, stB, 2, starIdxB);
+      check('a second, different attacker can still bombard the same colony in the same turn',
+        !!otherAttacker, JSON.stringify(otherAttacker));
+      check('the other attacker\'s bombard actually lands', target.pop < popBeforeOther);
+    }
+  }
 }
 
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -2886,6 +2935,8 @@ section('7b. Galactic News Network');
     const evResearchHeadline = { type: 'techDone', empire: 0, techId: headlineTech, source: 'research' };
     const evEspionageHeadline = { type: 'techDone', empire: 0, techId: headlineTech, source: 'espionage' };
     const evResearchPlain = { type: 'techDone', empire: 0, techId: plainTech, source: 'research' };
+    const evResearchHeadlineMetBystander = { type: 'techDone', empire: 3, techId: headlineTech, source: 'research' };
+    const evResearchHeadlineUnmetBystander = { type: 'techDone', empire: 5, techId: headlineTech, source: 'research' };
     const evSabotageMine = { type: 'sabotage', empire: 0, target: 1, starIdx: 0, factoriesLost: 2, defenseLost: 3 };
     const evTechStolenMine = { type: 'techStolen', empire: 0, target: 1, techId: headlineTech };
     const evTechStolenVictimIsMe = { type: 'techStolen', empire: 1, target: 0, techId: headlineTech };
@@ -2900,6 +2951,10 @@ section('7b. Galactic News Network');
     check('espionage-sourced headline tech is NOT a GNN story (nobody can publicly name the thief\'s target)',
       !Gnn.isGnnStory(RULES, fakeState, evEspionageHeadline));
     check('research-sourced non-headline tech is NOT a GNN story', !Gnn.isGnnStory(RULES, fakeState, evResearchPlain));
+    check('a met bystander\'s research-sourced headline tech IS a GNN story',
+      Gnn.isGnnStory(RULES, fakeState, evResearchHeadlineMetBystander));
+    check('an unmet bystander\'s research-sourced headline tech is NOT a GNN story (never contacted)',
+      !Gnn.isGnnStory(RULES, fakeState, evResearchHeadlineUnmetBystander));
     check('the player\'s own successful sabotage IS a GNN story, attributed to them',
       Gnn.isGnnStory(RULES, fakeState, evSabotageMine));
     check('the player\'s own successful tech theft IS a GNN story, attributed to them',